I_ Dutch

oT: t[STwEBLyfBAiWikipediajx Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Wikipedia),

I_EBLyfBAB There are Wikipedia version of Dutch.

I_ iANederlands ApDutchjA ChE[bpQ}QA I_xM[kS2300lgpB Dutch (for a ORAN, Netherlands Nederlands, in English Dutch), belongs to the West Germanic group of Indo-European, in northern Belgium and the Netherlands 2300 to use language that is more than 10,000 people. xM[t}B Belgium dialect is sometimes called Flemish. {] ijgApB In Japan, the word orchid in the Edo period (for cyanobacteria) was used called, are not used much.

[ W ] j History

I_nAtNnQ}bB The local Dutch modern, old and had been spoken to say one word of Germanic Frank. uS[jIA thni kCjuogniI_xM[kjDB The unified politically in the Principality from Burgundy in the late Middle Ages, the Flemish region (North Sea coast) region Brabant (northern Belgium from the southern Netherlands) was the most dominant dialect. 1600NAI_AI_KvAzgnSgB 1600 is around to create a Bible in the Netherlands, when the need arises to one Dutch, a dialect which were built in the heart of rural Holland of several dialects. I_bB The basis of the current Dutch.

[ W ] Class

I_AwL`hCc i`hCcQ}hjB Dutch, on the classification of the German language in a broad sense (collectively, the school of Germanic including German narrow) that is the dialect of one.

L`hCcAnhCcEhCcEnhCcAI_nhCc`B German in a broad sense, including various dialects, divided into the central German High German Low German, Dutch was formed from the western part of the Low German dialect. iWhCchCcBj (Standard German dialects are based on the central eastern part of the German.)

[ W ] gpn countries are being used

I_I_AxM[tfn AI_Xi AI_Ao A I_AeBgpAnpB The Netherlands, including Dutch, Belgian FURANDEREN region, Suriname was under the rule of former Netherlands, Aruba's Dominion Netherlands, used in the Netherlands Antilles, is an official language of these countries. I_AtfAXie{AI_AiNederlandse TaaluniejALB Netherlands, FURANDEREN, the Government of Suriname and the Dutch Association (Nederlandse Taalunie) formed, and sharing activities on language policy. @WI_iStandaardnederlandsA ABN: Algemeen Beschaafd NederlandsjAEEgpB Dutch standards set forth by this organization (Standaardnederlands, formerly ABN: Algemeen Beschaafd Nederlands) is used in broadcasting and political education of each country.

[ W ] Dialect

t}xM[bI_B Flemish is the collective name for various Dutch dialects spoken in Belgium. t}xM[tfnbI_AI_{bI_gAAI_wIB Flemish and Dutch are spoken in the region of Belgium FURANDEREN, used to distinguish the Dutch spoken in the home country the Netherlands, an independent, not a word in English, the dialect of the Linguistics Society of the Dutch only a classification. NxM[gVlaamshit}jgNederlandshiI_jIB Belgium in recent years, "Vlaams" (Flemish), "Nederlands" (Dutch) is recommended to turn to the public.

I_xM[utnbutwpAI_B Limburgish spoken Limburg region spanning the border between Belgium and the Netherlands academic is considered a separate language, political words are treated as one of the Dutch.

[ W ] h derived language

AtJ[XAtJi~rAbA16II_hB Afrikaans is spoken in Namibia and South Africa, 16 were primarily derived from the dialect-century Dutch. I_inhCcjAAB Dutch (Low German) and the dialect of view, there is a view that is very closely related but different language, the reality is that middle.

AtJ[X}[Aoc[AppAbWI_iynhCcjbB Afrikaans is the number of Malay, Bantu, there is a borrowing from English, Dutch vocabulary those standards (Low German, and very close to it) is difficult to understand the speaker. _dAAtJ[XI_inhCcjAhB The emphasis on this point, the Afrikaans Dutch (Low German), not dialects, IEYOU language is derived. AtJ[X@AI_A{IbALpAI_AnhCcbAtJ[Xbe\B But Afrikaans grammar is that it simplifies the Dutch, the basic vocabulary and are more common, even if the borrowing of the above understanding, Dutch, Low German speakers are capable of understanding each other easily and Afrikaans speakers. AtJ[XAI_[I_B Afrikaans Therefore, it also remains the integrity of the Dutch as well as a dialect of Dutch still.

[ W ] Characters

I_ep\LB Dutch will be represented using the Latin alphabet.

I_Lu ij vKI1AuIJzerv j B Unique to the spelling of the Dutch "ij" is a conventional one is treated like a character, to capitalize on the initial "IJzer" j like to capitalize.

AdL (N)pB Call tone to distinguish diphthong vowel and C (N) is used. AsANZg (L)pB The accentuation sharp distinction between the words for emphasis and the same spelling ( ') may be used. ueenvs u1vAANZgtuéénvB For example "een" the numeral and the indefinite article "a" with the meaning of both, if you want to indicate that the numeral is attached to accentuate "één" and.

I_@1946NvA{s"Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal" A"Groene Boekje" iAuI_PXgvAuFqvjB Spelling of the Dutch in the modern age in 1946 is to reform, the government issued "Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal", known as the "Groene Boekje" (respectively, "the Dutch word list," "green book" means) by TSUDZURIofficial are shown.

1995NAhOV@zB In 1995, has promulgated a new spelling, including standardization of foreign words or words to sway the TSUDZURI. Groene Boekje AV2005NsB Groene Boekje This is revised, the latest version of 2005 has been issued.

[ W ] Pronunciation

I_qB The Dutch have the consonants and vowels. iLIPA\LBj (Pronounced York IPA representation.)

[ W ] Vowels

I_P Single vowel Dutch

I_d Diphthong in Dutch

• 1: /eː/, /øː/, /oː/Adi/eː/=[ei], /øː/=[øy], /oː/=[ou]jB Note 1: / e ː /, / ø ː /, / o ː / is, in fact, be pronounced as a diphthong close (/ e ː / = [ei], / ø ː / = [øy], / o ː / = [ou]).
• 2: -ig i [ə]B Note 2: The suffix-ig of i is [ə].
• 3: -lijk ij [ə]B Note 3: The suffix-lijk and ij is [ə].

[ W ] q Consonants

• 1: -en n WB Note 1: multiple endings of nouns and verbs-en n-word is not the standard pronunciation.
• 2: [f]B Note 2: The initial devoicing in [f] will be.
• 3: [s]B Note 3: In some dialects, [s] may be pronounced.
• 4: {I[ɣ] A[x]AB Note 4: If the vowel after Basically [ɣ], otherwise [x] have been, much like sound.
• 5: [r]i s jA [ʁ] i LWC jA [ʀ] i W jA [ɹ] i s jB Note 5: [r] (trembling sound gums), [ʁ] (uvular fricative voiced), [ʀ] (sound trembling uvula), [ɹ] (approximant gums) is pronounced in many ways. Wb[ʀ]A[r]DB The standard language daily [ʀ]'s mainstream, at the turn of the [r] will be preferred.

sch s + ch [sx]A[s]B s + ch sch as the [sx] is to be pronounced, ending the [s] will be.

[g]A [ʃ] A [ʒ]OB [g], [ʃ], [ʒ] will appear only in foreign words. [g][ɣ]B When [g] is [ɣ] is pronounced. : goal [gol], chef [ʃɛf] , jury [ʒyri] Example: goal [gol], chef [ʃɛf], jury [ʒyri]

A sj [ʃ] A tj [c]A nj [ɲ]B In addition, sj is [ʃ], tj the [c], nj is [ɲ] is pronounced. iI_CwPfA/s/+/j/A/t/+/j/A/n/+/j/Bj (On the Dutch study of phonology is not a single phoneme, and / s / + / j /, / t / + / j /, / n / + / j / to be regarded as noise.)

[ʔ] i jnB [ʔ] (glottal stop) appear on the head of the syllable starts with a vowel. iI_PfIBj (In the Dutch MINASANAI and generally be a single phoneme.)

pAqB For the assimilation process, the initial consonant in the following words to the often voiceless. het vee (the cattle)/hətfe/B For example, het vee (the cattle) is / hətfe / will. vZXniAXe_At[Xgj[A[v], [z]y[ɣ]SB This process devoicing some regions (Amsterdam, Friesland) in the extreme, [v], [z] and [ɣ] is almost completely gone. AANB Moreover, in the south, a phenomenon occurring in these languages. A logenloochen [loɣə] [loxə]B For example, logen the loochen [loɣə] [loxə]. thgWigjAB G in Flanders is to the palate (soft g), so this is a large difference. A{L/v/, /z//f/, /s/oXAfxFB However, the original voiced / v /, / z / is / f /, / s / in the weak trend is more pronounced when out of breath, even if the conflict phonemicize devoicing is permitted to some extent.

[ W ] jI the historical changes in pronunciation

nhCcI_qB Dutch Low German is not caused by the second consonant shift. B Also found other changes in the original. A-old-oltIlA dB For example,-old and ends with the words l-olt lost, diphthongization. rApold , hCcalt , I_oudB Compared to English, old, German alt, Dutch oud now. /u/hus iuvjA/y/huusAd/œy/huisB / u / a hus ( "house"), such as language, first / y / huus a change, then diphthong / œy / huis have come to. f/g/LWC /ɣ/At_[XutLWCB Phoneme / g / has been lost voiced velar fricative / ɣ / or in Flanders and Limburg in the south and also has or is palatalized voiced fricative.

[ W ] @ Grammar

[ W ] @ Law and tense

@A @ i`A`A`A`A`A`jA @`A @B The tense law and is indicative (present, past and future, present perfect form, pluperfect, future perfect form), present subjunctive, it is imperative. hCcA@ihCc@jpB Unlike German, the subjunctive (the equivalent of connections in German) is not used much.

[ W ] Verbs

lB Changing verb is the third person depending on the subject. 1EAlij1As`B If a deal is the subject of several auxiliary verb, which changes the third person (defined verb) is only one other is still amorphous. hCclAB Like the German, there is a verb and verb separation inseparable. ptosAhCczustespB Infinitive in English to the German equivalent zu infinitival infinitival te also be used. tesAhCcAuv{te{u{viuvFanzukommenAaan te komenjB Infinitive verb te separation, and German, as opposed to "separate the prefix" + te + "main verb" to be written away (for example, "to reach": German anzukommen, Orchid aan te komen).

[ W ] order

ijAijK2u i V2 A`2jB The main clause declarative sentence (basic communication), the verb (or auxiliary) of the order of two statements before the second place (V2 word order, the first two principles shaped place) to take. 1uA1vfA3AuB A subject is often placed second, well I have the other elements of the second, when the subject is third, and placed in the back of that verb. 1pAtAijl2uAs`uB If one or several verbs are used in the section, if you stick to the auxiliary verb, and the main verb (verb constant) to change only auxiliary person or two at a second, more amorphous placed in the end still. hCcAOuB Unlike the German, was placed in front of the auxiliary verb. ^i"Ja"uvA"Nee"uv^jA1A2uB Question the decision ( "Ja" "Yes", "Nee" "no" answer in one question), the second a verb, the subject will be placed second. ^i ^p^jA^1A2A3uB Supplementary question (question use interrogative), the first question word, the verb second, third placed in the three subjects.

]ijAuB Sub-clause (), and auxiliary verb is placed at the end of the clause. ]OuA]uB If placed in front of the main clause is a subordinate clause, the verb of the clause is placed immediately after the subordinate clause. i]S1vfAuS2Bj (An entire section of the subordinate clause and a factor to look at, the verb of the clause to come in the next two to give the entire second sentence.)

[ W ] E Pronouns Nouns

AhCcjEE3NXAI_j@ij2NXB Terms of the noun is neutral in the German women, while men are divided into three classes, the Dutch have lost the distinction facultatively grammatical men and women (of both) and two neutral class has become. AAPAjpB However, in very stiff sentences, nouns, pronouns have a single woman, there is something else to use nouns and pronouns take the men. AI_jEfB For this reason, the Dutch dictionary has been published but the distinction between men and women.

AOiAhCclA3L^cB The decline in non-synonymous nouns, the former was similar to German, and now only three remain on the entry of words and proper names from over. i\AOuB The role represents a case is often fulfill the order and prepositions.

`eCA`eOuAsPCA`eeB If the adjective modifying the noun, the noun is placed before the adjective, except to qualify unspecified singular neuter noun, adjective ending in e can.

ij2AiA kQ}Qf}[NEmEF[EXEF[fB Facultatively with (co-) was neutral and one or two, and that decline is almost extinct, are common and Swedish Norwegian Danish North Germanic group.

[ W ] b Vocabulary

nIWAI_tXpiptXejB Due to geographical, many Dutch are borrowing from the French (and less than the influence from the French, however, English). NpeApB In recent years, strongly influenced by English, the number of borrowing has increased. "überhaupt""sowieso"hCcB "überhaupt" and "sowieso" adopted by some German-like.

[ W ] {W Relations with Japan

I_N{Q Refer to the Japanese of Dutch origin

]fI_{AggpB Was introduced in the Japanese language through the Dutch to a number of trade and Nagasaki during the Edo Period, has been used to close the day. aeAI_pB Documents and in negotiations with Western powers and the treaty of peace and amity in the U.S. Bakumatsu, Dutch is used as a common language.

[ W ] u_b`v "Dutch"

I_I_lpDutch i_b`jB In English, the Dutch and the Dutch Dutch (Dutch) is called. Duits iI_uhCcvuhCcvjAhCciI_jAI_COio17II_bwB This word Duits (in Dutch, "German" "Germany" means) in the same source, the German original (including various dialects, and Dutch) that would represent a significant advance in the Dutch foreign 17 was the only speaker to point to the beginning of the century, and Dutch. AhCcuhCcvdeutsch AuhCcvDeutsch(e)B In German, "the German" deutsch, "German" Deutsch (e).

[ W ] Dictionary

{I_wK~XB Learning Dutch is fine in Japan after the Meiji era and lasted. I_Ch iChlVAajWB This is Dutch East Indies at that time (the equivalent of the Republic of Indonesia today) because of the large trade relationship. wKKv`I_\{A{\I_B Dutch in answer to the needs of learners - Japanese, or Japanese - is woven in the Dutch dictionary. B .

• n}a 1796N[{a Settlement Halma 1796 Oranda dictionary of the first was compiled in Japan
• hD[tEn}wn}xB Halma Doeff known as the Halma Nagasaki. 1833NB 1833 completion. I_whbNEhD[t[B compiled with Hendrick Doeff Nagasaki chief Dutch trading house.
• Y ijwaTx@v^@1921i10jN@[s Matsuoka Shizuo (ed.), The Dictionary of Oranda grammar Orchid Provisions record in 1921 issued the survey compiled, Netherlands
• t@EfEX^bgiPeter Adriaan van de StadtjijwpaTx1922i11jN@ms Van de SUTATTO (Peter Adriaan van de Stadt) (ed.), The Dictionary of Practical Oranda 1922 issue, Southern Association
• t@EfEX^bgijwTx@1934ia9jN@ms Van de SUTATTO (Eds.), Encyclopedia Netherlands, 1934 issue, Southern Association

moB The dictionary was published in the following during the Pacific War.

• BweijwaTx@1943ia18jN@ns Parents of South Takushoku University (ed.), Ran Kazuhiro Dictionary, 1943, published by Creation
• qFijwTx@1944ia19jN@@s Takashi Makoto Asakura (ed.), The Dictionary of Orchid, 1944, issue of Meiji Shoin

[ W ] A See also

EBNVi[I_B There are items in the Dutch in Wiktionary.

• Q}h Germanic
• hCc German
• tN Old Frankish
• UNZ Low Saxon
• ut Limburgish
• tWA Frisian
• AtJ[X Afrikaans
• I_ Netherlands
• xM[ Belgium
• Xi Suriname
• I_AeB Netherlands Antilles
• Ao Aruba
• w Western studies
• I_N{ Japanese Dutch origin

[ W ] ON External links

• I_w - I_TCgi{j Learn Dutch - Dutch commentary site (Japanese)
• I_lEnJ^Ji\L Notation katakana pronunciation of place names and names of Dutch
• I_ i EBLubNXBWBpj Textbooks Dutch (part of Wikibooks. Editing.)
• Nederlandse Taalunie - I_AiI_j Nederlandse Taalunie - Association of Dutch (Dutch)
• Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal - Officiële Spelling 2005 - PXgiI_j Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal - Officiële Spelling 2005 - the official word list (Dutch)
• Ethnologue report for language code:nld - I_gpnf[^ipj Ethnologue report for language code: nld - to use the data in the region Dutch (English)
• History of the Dutch - I_jipj History of the Dutch - Dutch history (English)
• Flemish in France - tXI_(t~O)nipj Flemish in France - in France Dutch (Fleming word) position of (English)
• Van Dale - I_iI_j Van Dale - Dutch dictionary (Dutch)
• De Elektronische ANS - I_@iI_j De Elektronische ANS - Dutch Grammar (Dutch)
• Dutch 101 - I_ipj Dutch 101 - Introduction to the Dutch (English)
• Sprachprofi Homepage - wKt[ICfipj Sprachprofi Homepage - Free online materials for students (English)
• [hSIC/vtFbVi| - S| Free online world apple / professional translators - all language translation dictionaries