ビデオジャパンは、最大でランク。
\rGgAM Soviet Union
oT: t[STwEBLyfBAiWikipediajx Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Wikipedia),
- \rGg`aAM Soviet Federal Socialist Republic
- Rx Rru{y Ryp|yyu{y Quq|y{ Rx Rru{y Ryp|yyu{y Quq|y{
1922N - 1991N 1922 - 1991 
Flag National emblem - W : P|upyy ru p~, uty~zu! The nation's motto: P|upyy ru p~, uty~zu!
iVA: JAcIj (Russian: Do the workers of all lands, unite!) - : \rGgAM (1944-1991) [1] National Anthem: National Anthem of the Soviet Union (1944-1991) [1]
-
p Official language [2] No [2] s Capital XN Moscow - w Leader
- Prime Minister
1991N 9 - 1991N12 September 1991 - December 1991 CEV[Gt Ivan Silayev - Area
22,402,200 km² 22,402,200 km ² - l Population
1991N 1991 293,047,571l 293,047,571 people - J Changes
Declaration 1922N 1230 December 30, 1922 F Approval 1924N 21 February 1, 1924 Demolition 1991N 1226 December 26, 1991
Currency \rGgE[u Soviet ruble Time UTC +2 - +13 i DST : j UTC +2 - +13 (DST: Protection) ccTLD ccTLD .SU7 . SU7 Predecessor The next generation 
VASFSR Russian SFSR
UJtJ[XSFSR ZAKAFUKASU SFSR
ENCiSRR Ukrainian SRR
VASSR Belorussian SSR VA Russia .svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia_(bordered).svg.png)
x[V Belarus
ENCi Ukraine
ho Moldova
OWA Georgia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Georgia_(1990-2004).svg.png)
AjA Armenia
A[oCW Azerbaijan
JUtX^ Kazakhstan
EYxLX^ Uzbekistan
gNjX^ Turkmenistan
LMX Kyrgyz
^WLX^ Tajikistan
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
\rGg`aAM i\rGgAF \rGgAM i\rGgjA \A i\jjA 1922NE`B Soviet Federal Socialist Republic (then the Soviet YAKAISHUGIKYOUWAKOKURENPOU, abbreviated: the Soviet Union (the Soviet federalism), Russia (Soviet-tempered)), in 1922 founded the world's first socialist state.
AJOliRIj1A B United States, along with artificial state (non-naturally occurring state) in one of the superpowers was one. 1991NAM\B In 1991, the Federation is an independent member countries are resolved.
sXN B Capital, Moscow. fUCA vnAJ_V{AJczB The flag design, a revolutionary meansn, workers and farmers is a symbol of the hammer and sickle and the crossing, on the five continents of workers means the unity of the five-bearded starzSHITA.
Index |
[ W ] Country
A VAŔx Rrú{y Ryp|yýu{y Qúq|y{ i e\L: Sojúz Sovétskikh Sotsyalistícheskikh Respúblik T[XETBF[cLtETcBAX`[`FXLtEXv[uN jB The official name, in Russian Rx Rru{y Ryp|yyu{y Quq|y{ (the Latin words example: Sojúz Sovétskikh Sotsyalistícheskikh Respúblik RISUPUBURIKU SAYUSU SATSUIARISUCHICHESUKIFU SAVIETSUKIFU). RRRQ i SSSR GXEGXEGXEG[ jB The abbreviated RRRQ (SSSR S. S. S. Yale). A Rrú{yz Ŕx i Sovétskij Sojúz TBF[cLCET[X jB Aka, Rru{yz Rx (Sovétskij Sojúz SAYUSU SAVIETSUKII).
p\LUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics B English the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. USSR B Aka USSR. pSoviet UnionB English-speaking countries of the Soviet Union were called.
{\LA \rGg`aAM B Japanese conventions, the Soviet Federal Socialist Republic. A \rGgAM iu\rGgvu\BGgvu\Fgvu\F[gvjB Aka the Soviet Union ( "Soviet", "SOVIETO" "SOVETO" "SOVETO" both). \AM A \A AP\rGg B The abbreviation for the Soviet Union, Soviet Union, or simply the Soviet Union. EO\iu\vuhvjB World War II and before the Soviet Union had to be translated ( "Soviet", "Su" was to shed). A\Au RxUutupy iAMjvAJ\AguAMvgpAuAMvB However, the Soviet Union itself "Rx and Uutupy (Federation)," was to explain that the Soviet Union and the Embassy of Japan after World War II was held in a "federal" of the use of the word, exclusively for the postwar period, "Federal "Came to be translated. \rGgVAu]cvB Soviet and Russian in the "Council" means. L i n jBiAAM\anjAwAMxtv(LVAAMPVA)B Proper names (of places) the only country that was free (However, the composition of the Federal Republic of the country into a place name), the Federation called for the words seem to be always on (with proper names Russia and the Russian Federation has only). u\AMvB Abbreviated as "the Soviet Union," we can not do that.
pOYIVA iePjA{\AA\rGgIHLiuJ_VvjB Non-English-speaking non-communist bloc in general in the Russian Old Country (in the words of each language equivalent), often called the Soviet Union, Japan, the Soviet general designation of a rare case to be settled (Some folks in the "worker-farmer ROSHIYA" and was also known). gpuhvB Chinese use the Chinese-speaking culture in the "Su Lian". Au\rGgAMvB In addition, countries in Eastern Europe and other countries in the east, "the Soviet Union" is equivalent to the common name was called.
[ W ] j History
 |
Y`vz Communist ideology gD International organizations ` The main socialist countries l Man o Events |
[ W ] VAv The Russian Revolution
VAvQ Details of the Russian Revolution see
ygO[hf[1917N2vAQiIvu{A EhCcRj]IEtB Petrograd demonstration stemming from the February 1917 revolution, a progressive reform-oriented interim government was formed, the First World War the German army and the Front National has already broken Out of the political turbulence inalso not included.
N8[ERj[tRsA {VFBLxB In August the same year, Kornilov RAVURU a failed revolt by the generals after the Bolshevik increased support for. {VFBLINjA10{DB The Bolshevik policy of armed uprising by the end of October to a successful seizure of power. mB The great powers of interference by war and civil war and the power to establish the victory. {VFBL1919NY}B Bolshevik in 1919 and renamed the Communist Party.
[ W ] of the National
1922NsSAM\rGgA \rGg`aAMB In 1922 the tournament was held in all federal Soviet state is declared the establishment of the Soviet Federal Socialist Republic was established. 2N1924N 1[jB But only two years after that in January 1924 to Lenin to the death.
[jAIVtEX^[GgcL[OigcL[SLVRAX^[hqEjAhOIlA_`HmB After the death of Lenin, dictator took power Iosif Stalin is a political opponent Trotskii deportation of the (then the Trotskii asylum destination in Mexico, Stalin sent the assassin by the assassination), starting with the radical opposition To purge the top themselves and establish socialism in one country routes.
1926NA \rGgY@B In 1926, the Soviet Criminal Code was established. S`Y@`rA`LQsSAYhqtB From totalitarian rule out the legality of the socialist all acts detrimental to the crime and the punishment of criminals and social security measures and has come to. i`XY@B This is similar to the Nazi criminal law. A 1921NtF[mC^AY@^B The 1921 draft of the ferry, known as the prototype of Italian criminal law to be drafted. Y@1960 NlU[1] B The Penal Code be amended in 1960 to force people toURUTTA [1].
1928NsNvjuRz[Y\A_Wcux_vQ[SlAv700lB\B 1928 was the first Five-Year Plan was placed in the core of the collective farm to the national team, due to aggressive collectivization of agriculture, "rich farmer" extinction and famine in the number of people killed by a maximum of seven million people estimated to reach Could have been.
_WcsA 1932N - 1933NQ[NA500l1,000loB It's forced collectivization of agriculture, 1932 - 1933 famine occurred in a large, 500 million people and is said to have 10 million people from starvation said. ENCiQrA400l700loB In particular, Ukraine is badly in the famine, 400 million to 700 million people who were starving. 2006NENCi{QENCilWFmTChFB In 2006 famine in Ukraine and the Ukrainian government for the genocide and has been certified. uWcvENCile}LB This "policy of collective rough and ready" for the suppression of the Ukrainian people have made are intended to be a leading theory suggests.
1930NQ{`sA\rGgAMeoBAovzSJ iIzx jxAxY}wWzB 1930 generations the Great Depression more capitalist countries suffer from depression, the Soviet Union without the impact of the high economic growth, the economic growth of political prisoners and prisoners of thought, with a focus on forced labor (Effective slavery) is supported by the wealth concentrated in the upper echelons of the Communist Party and the allocation.
X^[lis[N1936N1938N joYeJA}RlAlB Stalin-era major housecleaning at the time (peak 1936-1938) in the execution without trial and incarceration in such a harsh labor, military personnel and many members of the public have been housecleaning. Al]AsA 1930NuvvY72liAAEqSALSlmvcAl]jB In addition, a large number of victims of the purge of the theories have been officially reported at the time, according to 1930's "anti-revolutionary crimes" in the death sentence was about to be 720,000 people (However, Harsh interrogation were killed in the process of interrogation and the poor was convicted in the prison environment, who died in the exact statistics about the number of people are not left behind, together with the number of victims The number is expected to increase).
[ W ] E World War II
VtEX^[A |[h[}jA[bp`AqAE}AJCMXu ` vnvB Was dominated regime Iosif Stalin, Poland and Romania and other Eastern European countries socialism and its satellite countries, after the First World War to strengthen its forces were rapidly United States and its ally Britain and "Imperialism" in the buffer zone of the country and had planned to.
1930NA hCcuY`|vfAhtEqg[`hCcJ} ii`XjAA|[h`FRXoLAhCcxz[bpg_nB But in the 1930s and into Germany to "overthrow of communism," promised to Adolf Hitler, led by National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi) regimeAKI, like Poland and Czechoslovakia and other East European countries in the German sphere of influence Aims to expand to the east. [bpxzB Eastern European countries after the two sides over control of that crash.
1939N AGhCc\sNANhCc|[hNU|[hi KcBAjB But in 1939, it had been hostile to German and German-Soviet non-aggression pact signed the same year the German invasion of Poland when the eastern half of Poland (GARITSUIA etc.) and the occupation. ogOA \ARe\vA3iB The three Baltic countries to pressure the Soviet army and the passage of the request for the establishment of pro-Soviet regime, without waiting for the answers to the three countries were stationed. e\gDA\AhlAeAB In addition to organizing pro-Soviet regime, to purge the anti-Soviet factions or camps to feed, and finally it was annexed. \A[}jAxbTrAA 1940N 6\ARxbTrAkuRriiA yB At the same time the Soviet Union in Romania Bessarabia ceding to the pressure in 1940 the Soviet army in June of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina stationed in the territory ceding. tBh~NJAnB In addition neighboring Finland, a winter war of aggression by the Republic of Karelia region was annexed.
1941N 6\u c vJnA\AAEQB 1941 In June, Germany and the Soviet Union against the so-called "Great Fatherland War" is started, the result of the Soviet Union countries as a World War II veteran. hCcRUX^[sAJsXN\kmA jO[hUhNXNRSloA \{RsQCMXRAJRUAAJRxAAIIhCcsxB German military assault force by Stalin and the consequences for the implementation of strategies, the capital shortly after the war, several hundred km to Moscow was forced to the other battle of Leningrad and the Battle of Kursk, along with millions of military-civilian casualties in Made, but the Japan-Soviet Neutrality Treaty by the Japanese army and the non-war British and American military offensive in the Western Front, including the United States and other supplies provided by the military because of logistic support in the final of the German capital of Berlin Victory will be a fall.
\rGgRAuxpAsv[ voT ]AxhCcNUAJQB When the Soviet army, "the British and U.S.Berlin Union countries to do all the" secret pact with the required Source] not only ignored, even after the fall of Berlin, the German invasion of the territory had continued to scramble for the United States. \rGgRhCcms~A~sEQw\sTl\UA\rGgRhCcRhqn]iAJR~B Soviet soldiers and citizens in the German army surrendered, even after the surrender of a large number of citizens, such as murder and rape continue to behave outrageously because of the rough, Germany feared Soviet military forces to defend abandon local inversion Westing the U.S. military to surrender. \rGgRhCcAhCcB The east side of the German and Soviet troops effortlessly occupied can be further divided East and West Germany to a draw.
A\JnO\A{ i { jAA]^ci ^ jA1945N 88sNIjA {z A B ilakjA NkNUB However, before the start of Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Union signed a treaty of neutrality, the state had to battle through wartime Japan (Empire of Japan) to the summit of the Allied Yalta conference in the deal (Yalta Agreement) Under the end of War 1945 on 8 August is the revoked unilaterally nonaggression treaty and a declaration of war on Japan and Kuril Islands and southern Sakhalin, the Manchukuo (now the People's Republic of the Northeast), Korean Peninsula in the north of the invasion.
\rGgRAnI{R~NUAAsACtJgAAcBA{AYvNY`i VxA} jB The Soviet army during its occupation of land to increase slightly, by the surrender of Japanese forces invaded and continues to ignore even a cease-fire, many prisoners taken in the country, the situation in poor infrastructure and labor Abuse of power for the mistake that many died, many of them also survived, returned to Japan after the communist revolution in education in the wake of communism made SERUBEKU (detainee Siberian). @skyA VxA}B These international law and in disregard of the act to support the territorial issue, the detainee Siberian was the cause of the problem.
E\AhCcA|[hA`FRXoLAylAygB The victory of World War II Germany by the Soviet Union, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia earned from each territory, the territory has expanded significantly to the west. AJOGXgjA A grA A gAjAogOxzA [}jAlxbTrA iho jLB Also, before the war, the annexation of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Baltic countries the rule of Romania won from Bessarabia (now Moldova) to revive the territorial dispute. XVyZVxAZAVAlZB In addition to these new territory for many residents, such as deportation or forced to emigrate to Siberia, instead of Russians to emigrate. A {yyALB In addition, the Far East were Japanese territory in the south and the occupied Sakhalin and the Kuril islands, declared a territorial dispute. A{BevA BEA`dS i BSjpFB In addition, the former Manchuria had a variety of interests, Guandong's Lushun in Dalian Port's two leased rights and the old railway Kiyoshi Azuma (South Manchuria Railway part of) the right to inherit the management of the Republic of China recognized .
[ W ] Jn the start of the Cold War
\AhCcxz\Axz[bphlA X^[`I`\AqB From the rule of the Soviet Union after World War II Germany and Soviet bloc countries in Eastern Europe for purge opponents of the Stalinist-socialist regime and the introduction of these Soviet satellite countries. V@\[_[A AJO[_[{` i jwcRB Warsaw Treaty Organization in other countries in the east as the leader of the United States and the leader of capitalism (Western countries) compete in the camp.
1953NX^[VwjL[^EtV`tX^[sAsS`IB In 1953 after the death of Stalin died and a new leader Nikita Khrushchev, Stalin criticism, and the excessive totalitarian dictatorship to significantMETA policies. A\A[x@ AB However, the extreme Soviet police state, to monitor changeable nation. HYIA}_Yg_nh{A iAA\AHCOAB He focused on food production temporarily, but a huge success, too fast due to the expansion of agricultural production and nutrition, non-agricultural land, desertification is under way, the result, the Soviet Union food to be imported from overseas It is gone.
A\AqX^[~vY`^^A\A^AhEQEYEi nK[ A vntjAL``EB The Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe after criticizing Stalin in the communist movement and often anti-government reform movement that occurs, the Soviet Union for some of these movements to the military intervention to crush it, killing the opposition Prison executions (Storming Hungary, the Prague Spring, etc.), pressure control of tangible and intangible.
AEAAJA xL``GsNxgiEen`W`B In addition, from World War II until the collapse through direct between the U.S. and war, but itJINAKATTA the Berlin blockade and other hostile actions of the tangible and intangible, and the Korean War and the Vietnam War and in many parts of the world's proxy war In the form of Cold War rivalry, called the formation. RgA jJEj@Ni 1962NL[o@jB The endless arms race and nuclear weapons, and the development of competition in the world of nuclear war were in dangerNSU (1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, etc.). J@mAN`FmuCqdoBmthe development of competition or how, after years of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident of history that speaks. qF\^]~XfA vs`s|mUB The reactor had structural problems with the operation despite the initial mistake andfJI, PURIPYACHI citizens of radiation to the daily terror of not knowing, almost unchanged in the sun and have a walk even.
1960NtV`tAJWPiB In the 1960s Khrushchev regime with a stable relationship with the United States had improved somewhat. `iAtV`tvH^IlaWnRi _}XL[ jk\AgPNti \ jB However, the purification of socialism, and Khrushchev was skeptical of the reform policies Mao Zedong, led by China and the relationship between military conflict in the border area (DAMANSUKI Island case) and Beijing's Soviet Embassy and other attacks happen To reverse the deterioration (Sino-Soviet conflict).
[ W ] the decline of national power
1964NA_seIRrtV`tAdhIj[hEuWltwuA PsiAHRAKiARB Then in 1964, the failure of agricultural policy and tolerance for Western countries because of policies to Khrushchev was ousted Instead, the hard-line Leonid Brezhnev and the national leaders often neglect the issue And the bureaucracy of the hereditary and a progressive system of corruption, food and fuel, the supply of daily necessities to get behind, and many people are forced to live in austerity went on. ASoB In addition, countries in the east to fit the overall economy was increasingly sluggish.
1979NuWltAAtKjX^Y`xAtKjX^NUsAICXANsXNIsbN{CRbgB In 1979, Brezhnev, the neighboring countries of Afghanistan's communist government has enacted to support the invasion of Afghanistan, but did result in Islamic countries and received strong opposition from Western countries, was held the following year the Moscow Olympics of mass boycott Can lead to. NU1989NAA10NQoAoB The invasion continued until 1989, led to isolation from the international community, as well as a huge war costs over 10 years of long and wasting a lot out of the war dead, but even the economy has been stagnant Was the result of pressure growing.
AAJihE[K\Au vwRgsAX\AoSj][CtoB In addition, the United States Ronald Reagan on the Soviet regime "evil empire" and pointed criticism in the arms race, and was leaning over the complete collapse of the Soviet economy and a serious domestic inflation and the spread of the black economy .
[ W ] yXgCJ perestroika
1982NuWltp[EAh|t AAh|tpRX^eBE`FlRVwAB In 1982, Brezhnev died was the successor of Yuri Andropov, after the death of Andropov's successor was to Constantine Chernenko of granny and a series of leaders took power. ACaaAoSAOAtKjX^IsB But soon after his inauguration together with the illness died for it, with a focus on economic issues, as well as domestic affairs, diplomacy and even Afghanistan on the issue of specific policies to run the mostSENAKATTA.
A[oI@JA 1985N 3aSo`t`vEVfA yXgCJ ivjOXmX` iJjiB Then, at the age of two has become increasingly serious economic crisis and ensure a breakthrough, March 1985 was born in the Gorbachev reforms of the socialist system of government reform advocates, and perestroika (reform) and glasnost (Disclosure ) And pushed.
}sviA 1989N 326\AII1lcI{B WATATTA in this long under one-party dictatorship and corrupt political system reform is underway, in 1989, March 26, the Soviet Union's first democratic election is the first Congress of People's Deputies of the election was conducted . 1990N\AY}}A}AN315lc[So`tIoB In 1990, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union by the one-party dictatorship of the waiver, and the multi-party system and presidential system is in the same year on March 15, the first president of People's Deputies to vote for Gorbachev was elected. WERW@E@ A{p~V@B The timing of the freedom of assembly and association established in the assembly process and association process, the authorities have abolished censorship of the press law was enacted, etc.. AvAvXs[h\AY}h}ivhRAseagvoB However, these series of political reforms was the performance of certain currencies, scope and speed of reform over the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the radical conservatives and reformists will intensify internal strife, ethnic issues and the Republic of militant The sovereignty of a movement created to increase demand. rovA[o@So`tsvB In addition to political and economic comparison of the results of the reformGARAZU, causing a serious economic crisis as the nation's Mikhail Gorbachev to power factor and increase the discontent.
1988NiSmEJotBAAjAaA[oCWaKA OWAahoaNB In 1988 the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region over the attribution of Armenia and Azerbaijan and the conflict between the large-scale generation, Georgia and Moldova in the country were also clashes between ethnic groups. 1990N 311N\A}Nog3gAjAaAMASo`to{PN330GXgjAaA 54grAaB The March 11, 1990 in the forefront of the anti-Soviet Union was seen as the Baltic nation of Lithuania declared independence from the Federation, the Gorbachev regime of economic sanctions a declaration was withdrawn the same year, but three March 30, 2007 in Estonia, May 4, the Republic of Latvia declared independence. 1990N 529VAacc}ivhGcBIAN612VAaA 716ENCiaaAMDzseaB 1990 on May 29 of the Republic of the Russian Supreme Council Chairman of the radical reformist President Boris Yeltsin is elected, the same year, on June 12, a Russian republic, July 16, the Ukraine, the sovereignty of the Federal Republic in the sovereignty of Declaration of superiority and sovereignty of the republics that followed. ^gAMeaSo`tgiyXgCJ A OXmX`NAAMchRs}ivheacA^wB Uplift of the nationalist movement and seek independence from the Federal Republic of the move was promoted by Gorbachev's perestroika and glasnost, and is caused by the other hand, conservatives in Congress and in the struggle to defeat the radical reformist parliament of the Republic of Moved on, where he directs the movement of these aspects had said. \AS76%ASl51%Aar|IoiVAa}ivhGcBACiGcBgAM^jB The total area of the Soviet Union 76 percent and 51 percent of the total population, and compared with other republics and a strong economic power, the dominant republic in the Russian radical reformist head of Yeltsin that the inauguration had a great sense (However, Yeltsin himself was in favor of maintaining the federal system).
]AMhSo`tAMLeaA AAMV\zB To upset the traditional federal system in the Gorbachev of the federal authority has been significantly each to transfer to the Republic of the sovereign state of the Union as a new federal plan to reorganize said. ggVAMeaiB The framework will be the first new federal treaty and to coordinate each republics had. 1991N 317VAMzAM^[easA[76.4%AM^[iaVAa71%A ENCia70%A VAa83%A JUta94A EYxNa90%A LMXa95%A ^WNa96%A gNa98%A A[oCWa93%AM^[BuogO A OWAaA AjAaA hoa6a[{CRbgjB 1991 on 17 March signed a treaty of the new federal system of federal fuseki the pros and cons of maintaining a national referendum in each republic, and 76.4 percent of voters in favor of maintaining the federal system that has cast a vote ( By the Republic of the Russian Republic 71%, Ukraine 70%, Belorussian Republic 83%, Kazakh, 94 percent in the Republic of the Uzbek Republic to 90 percent, Kyrgyzstan at 95%, Tajik 96 percent in the Republic of the Turkmen Republic in 1998 %, Azerbaijan 93 percent in favor of maintaining the federal system voted. However, the increasingly independent-minded Baltic countries, Georgia, Armenia and Moldova one of the six republics of the boycott is the ballot.) [AeaVAMA AM\eaAMs\B This was the result of the referendum, and then between the republics and the new federal treaty with the federal republics to make up a substantial reorganization of the federal transfer of authority and was scheduled to be held. A\rGg`aAM`p~A\rGgaAMXB At the same time, that country's Soviet Federal Socialist Republic of characters from the abolition of socialism and the sovereignty of the Federal Republic of the Soviet Union and was determined to change.
[ W ] I Cold War
So`tivqxzaA 1989N1990NhCcnK[ A |[h`FRXoLAqBB Eastern Europe, Gorbachev is promoting a national reform and relaxation of control over satellite-receiving countries, and from 1989 to 1990 between East Germany and Hungary, Poland and Slovakia, the Czech Republic and other countries a series of satellites to achieve democracy. vA [}jAIhvhANjRGE`EVFXNvhYBB Most of them were in fact a bloodless revolution, Romania is temporarily in the school system and a state of war between the reformists and a longtime dictatorship was forced to Nicolae Ceausescu in court unprepared by the reformists and the death penalty The result has been achieved democracy.
A\rGgAMNnK[vntAqvs\A{sgmB The Soviet Union took place early in the Cold War strife-torn Hungary and the Prague Spring and the differences when these reforms in the country for a satellite to non-intervention, and for the use of force by the government for the people to clarify A sense of disgust.
\rGgAM\A1989N 122123nC}^So`tAJW[WEHEWEubVkAIi }^k jB Eastern countries including the Soviet Union's Cold War east-west by a spate of democratic structure will collapse, in fact, these moves by the December 2-December 3 1989 over the Mediterranean in Malta in the Gorbachev and U.S. President George H W Bush for talks and officially declared the end of the Cold War (Malta summit).
[ W ] collapse
820VAMiB In Japan, August 20, for a new federal treaty was being prepared. AVAMearQiW[Ei[GtEW[~EN`Rt\AY}hOT819N[f^[ASo`tj~A {XEGcBvhRARAAJtX A{CMXvN[f^[xSsIB However, each of the new Federal Republic of the Treaty and its own independent power base that leads to loss ofSHITA YANAEFU Gennadi and Vladimir Kryuchkov of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union by the conservatives before the verge of concluding a treaty on 19 August The coup occurred, and Gorbachev signed a treaty to prevent the attempted arrest, but Boris Yeltsin said that the reformist opposition, and many of the military and the public, and the United States and France, countries such as Japan and the United Kingdom and a coup From supporters did not end in complete failure.
N[f^[sVAMAN[f^[N\AY} o[So`t\AY}B By the failure of the coup that a new treaty between the federal frustrated a coup against the Soviet Communist Party Central Committee members were arrested and Gorbachev and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's loss of authority. 824So`t\AY}LC\AY}UA 828\Ac\AY}SI~}B August 24, Gorbachev, the Soviet Communist Party general secretary and the resignation of the Soviet Communist Party Central Committee recommended the dissolution of the August 28, Supreme Soviet of the USSR Communist Party of the Soviet Union banned the activities of the dismantling of the party to effectively Was forced. AM\AY}ASo`tE\Aea\]cB Federal control has been dismantled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union after the power-president and head of the Republic is made up of the Council of State will move on. 96]cogOFB September 6, the National Council of Baltic States independence approval. VAMsSo`tE\AAMzA 1114VAa7aAMnB The new federal treaty failed Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev during the scramble to maintain a federal system, November 14, including the Russian republic of the Republic of the seven heads of state sovereignty between the federal and state agreed to establish. 121ENCia[{[90.3%xAAM^GcBEVAaENCiAM123F\AB But on December 1, in the Ukraine's independence referendum is held 90.3% of voters supported independence, initially in favor of the federal system had been maintained Yeltsin of Russia and Ukraine, President of the Republic is not a member National sovereignty is meaningless as the federal December 3, to approve the dismantling of the Soviet UnionDZUKETA flow. N128xF[VVAA ENCi A x[Va iCISjnAcCISB In the same year on December 8 of the agreement BEROVESHI in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus is an independent Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) to establish the remaining CIS countries that joined the study. N1217So`t1991NAM{~A 1225So`t\ACA26c\A\rGgAM69Nj B This year December 17, President Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991 to stop the federal government to declare the activities, and December 25, Gorbachev resigned as Soviet president, 26, the next Supreme Council declared the Soviet Union dismantled the Soviet Union 69-year history ended.
[ W ] n Geography
\rGgAM Soviet Union  |
|---|
vz Thought w Leader Location gD Organization j History |
\rGg`aAMELB Soviet Federal Socialist Republic at the time boasted in a country the size of the world. [bpAk[bpAAWAAAWAAAJLB The country is bordered to the east of Europe, Northern Europe, Central Asia, East Asia, the Americas and wide. mEF[ A tBh A |[h A `FRXoLA A nK[ A [}jA AgR A C A AtKjX^ A S A i 1949N~la jA kN i 1948N~jAC{ i1945NOjAAJOB The government said the land adjacent to the west of Norway, Finland, Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, in the south, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, the Republic of China (1949 after the People's Republic of China), North (1948 and after ), And South Sea of Japan (1945KI previously had been in Sakhalin), east of the United States. SgeA~GkCSAB The effects of cold weather across a very powerful for the winter the Arctic Ocean and the inland part facing the center of the mighty frigid. JiAJB The hard enough to develop the labor force in the loss of many lives. JxSBA VxASHdiRAAB Expressway to the development of strong, the snow delayed the development of the railway and Trans-Siberian Railway is the ultra long-haul flights despite the military has been electrified transport and freight transport helped a lot.
yA 1960NRila_}XL[ jP[XB Long border, some of the territorial problems, and in the 1960s the military conflict (between China and the island DAMANSUKI the incident) is now the case. Cu1{kyAVAB The sea is one of the neighbor across Japan and the Northern Territories issue has a problem in Russia is still going on now is not resolved. tBhJAncB And in Finland and the Republic of Karelia region has been left with the problem.
[ W ] \ member countries
i \rGgAM\aQj (Republic of the Soviet Union consists of a reference)
A\aA\rGgAMER@FB The republic consists of the freedom to secede from the Soviet Union in the Constitution was approved. AAME@A\rGgAM~nGESo`tAME@An[hB However, the process of withdrawal of federal legislation, Michael Gorbachev of the Soviet Union in the closing days set by the federal leave law, was extremely high hurdle. ogOAME@A1990NB For this reason the three Baltic states to ignore the federal leave law, to be independent in 1990.
A A iAj\rGgAMgENCi A VAiEx[VjB In addition, the United Nations (UN)gthe Soviet Union itself and in the Ukraine, Belorussia (now Belarus) and was a member of their own.
[ W ] \Iss Major Cities
- AKXN Angarsk
- X^[O[h iHSO[hj Stalingrad (now Volgograd)
- CN[cN Irkutsk
- Et@ Ufa
- EWIXgN Vladivostok
- XFhtXN iGJeuNj Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg)
- IXN Omsk
- JU Kazan
- L[t Kirov
- NXmXN Krasnoyarsk
- t[ irVPNj Frunze (now Bishkek)
- NCrVFt iT}[j Kuibyshev (now Samara)
- XN Moscow
- jO[h iTNgyeuOj Leningrad (now St. Petersburg)
- ^CVFg Taishet
- ^VPg Tashkent
- `FrXN Chelyabinsk
- `^ Chita
- `j Tyumen
- grV Tbilisi
- uSFV`FXN BURAGOVESHICHENSUKU
- izgJ Nakhodka
- S[LC ijWjEmShj GORIKII (now Nizhny Novgorod)
- mHVrXN Novosibirsk
- notXN Khabarovsk
- y~ Perm
- Xgt Rostov-on-Don
[ W ] politics
[ W ] } one-party dictatorship
\AJgDu \rGg vicA]cjeEPcPi \rGg jgD\B Refused to indirect representation, and workers organizations, "Soviet" (Council of the Council) at the bottom of each unit of work from the highest decision-making unit (the highest Soviet Union) will be organized in the state was made up.
AA\rGgxL@\A\rGgPPSZIgDiEgDj\rGgAMY}S\rGgxzA }iAA VAv[jSo`t}jB However, the effective functioning of the Soviet system was not equal to most of the period, up from the smallest unit of the Soviet units had to penetrate all private organizations (non-state organizations), the Soviet Union Communist Party of the Soviet Union in control of all , And one-party dictatorship in the country was (However, the Russian Revolution after the Lenin early age and the Gorbachev era multiparty system was). }ePcydu}-vB Each unit of the state of the party and by the dual power structure that often "the party - state system," he said.
Wvob\A^`A }}IA_\WARB The democratic system of centralized and planned economy based on the so-called socialist Soviet-type system, called the party bureaucracy and oppression by the regime of speech and expression, assembly, and virtually no freedom of association. A J[E}NX`zAJE_xz}mtcY}AIB Because of this, Karl MarxETA socialist far from ideal and a large, the general rule for farmers, the workers of the Romanov dynasty emperor was replaced by the Communist Party, but no political freedom is also No system had become. IwLu Fc vB So essentially, secretary general of the Supreme Leader, "Red Emperor" is also called.
AX^[lAlXEQA X^[`A`EY`}ICR[B In particular, a purge by Stalin era, many people were killed and Stalinism under the repressive communist socialist regime, and was equal. X^[vtSlA\rGgAM70N6,200lylXlB Stalin's death in a police state such as treason or exile who was forced to continue to grow, until the dissolution of the Soviet Union for 70 years, reaching more than 62 million people who was Purge. sVA{1997NFf[^AlSeIJB These are the current Russian government in 1997, official data confirmed that the purge of the whole picture is only partially opened to the public. {l}S{lA {{sVA{B The Japanese internment and exile in Japan are also included, the Japanese government apologize and compensate the current Russian government is not giving.
AX^[So`tA \rGgccA\rGgAMY}LB In addition, Gorbachev from the Stalin era to introduce a presidential system, the head of state Supreme Soviet chairman of the board meeting was the real power of the Soviet Communist Party General Secretary said. LccCB The Supreme Council general secretary of the board who is concurrently chairman.
[ W ] w Former leader
\rGgAMwQ For details, leader of the Soviet Union a list of references
- EW[~E[j (1917-1924) Vladimir Lenin (1917-1924)
- VtEX^[ (1924-1953) Iosif Stalin (1924-1953)
- QIM[E}Rt (1953) Georgy Malenkov (1953)
- jL[^EtV`t (1953-1964) Nikita Khrushchev (1953-1964)
- Ij[hEuWlt (1964-1982) Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982)
- [EAh|t (1982-1984) Yuri Andropov (1982-1984)
- RX^eBE`FlR (1984-1985) Konstantin Chernenko (1984-1985)
- ~nCESo`t (1985-1991) Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991)
[ W ] OW Diplomatic Relations
\rGgAMOWQ Details of the Soviet Union established diplomatic relations reference
OWA`i jwcAJOM{`i ji jB In diplomatic relations, the socialist countries (east) side as the leader of the United States and the largest capitalist countries (the West) and face (Cold War).
A \NUhCcE|EA hCc`FRXoLA A uKA[bpqA AWA i laxgi A kNjA i L[o` A jJOAjA AtJ i ASrA A RSjuvu` v`AAJhCc A CMXtX[bpA{{`B Initially enacted by the isolated, the German-Soviet war has been invaded by Germany to repel the overthrow of the Second World War, after East Germany and Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and other Eastern European countries satellite countries and East Asia (China and Vietnam, North Korea etc.), Latin America (Cuba and Chile, Nicaragua, etc.), Africa (Angola and Libya, Congo, etc.) and "national liberation" and "anti-imperialism," the mantra of the establishment of the socialist supporters of the dictatorship, The United States and West Germany, United Kingdom and France and other Western European countries, Japan and other countries in confronting capitalism.
[ W ] `wc against the socialist camp
[ W ] laW relations with the People's Republic of China
\rGgAMxA }Y}1949NlaWA1950NwwVgNXWB With the support of the Soviet Union, Chiang Kai-shek led the Kuomintang and the civil war victory in the Communist Party of China by 1949, was enacted in China and was originally a cooperative relationship, from the late 1950s by leaders of both countries to partner countries The exchange of accusations and the embassy incident occurs, such as break in the relationship gradually deteriorated.
1960NyRi_}XL[\ jwwvzI\\B In the second half of the 1960s by the military conflict on territorial issues (such as the case DAMANSUKI island Sino-Soviet border dispute) and the ideological differences of leaders from the issue of the Sino-Soviet conflict has surfaced. WAlavI1970NB Such a confrontation between the two countries relations, but China is a civil war in the Cultural Revolution to the conclusion that until the late 1970s.
A\AAJ1970N}laA AAJ{laA~\AvI\AlaWPB In this, the Soviet Union tried to keep the United States in the 1970s China rapidly approaching, the diplomatic knot, and then ally the United States has diplomatic relations with China and Japan also signed a dictatorship The Soviet Union had been laid on a confrontation with the death of Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution by the end of the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China has also improved the relationship.
[ W ] {`wc anti-capitalist camp
[ W ] {W relations with Japan
VAIsk{ i { jA\rGgAMBxXRINB Russia during the Russo-Japanese War defeat in the fight against the Japanese (Imperial Japanese) and the Soviet Union after the Manchu government and people of the border, and once had a military clash. E1941N4\A ^cAA1945N8Ij{QA{~Nky{Ly@B Then during the Second World War in April of 1941 Japan-Soviet Neutrality Pact was signed, but the Yalta Conference in the allied countries were linked by a secret treaty between the former, in August 1945 that Japan unilaterally breaking And fought against the Japanese surrender on the aggression continues even after the Northern Territories in Japan and many of the illegally occupied territory. {lSJAB The number of Japanese prisoners of war after World War II and forced to work longSHI detained, many of themIYATTA death. VA{NVxAJQEnB The Russian government on this matter is finally in recent years forced labor in Siberia apology and reparations for victims and families have started.
A 1956N\oA{AJkyWPiWB Then, in 1956 Japan-Soviet Joint Declaration restored diplomatic ties out, but the United States and allies Japan and the Northern Territories issue is not resolved to improve relations without progress in the transition. IA\Ao{pVAaB End of the Cold War, after the collapse of the Soviet Union and Japan still has a de facto state of Russia's successor to the conclusion of a formal peace treaty that is not done.
A{}}AxgiAIEs^gDAA^L``wEshB In addition, during the height of the Cold War in the Japan Socialist Party and other leftist parties, and to oppose the Vietnam War, C flat wall of the left-wing anti-war and civil movement organization, funding and provision of information, provision of weapons and other tangible and intangible And assistance in order to unsettle conservative forces are found to be made. A \A iKGBjSgUXpC{qA Xg{tXNB In addition, the Soviet State Security Committee (KGB) and the center and embassy staff, many disguised as a spy inside the government and the Self-Defense Forces and sent the case Rastvorov and caused numerous incidents.
lXsA^}R}cY`xSAuY`vfAcAA MLR}cWB Such a result of a variety of activities, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party lawmaker and conservative and leftist forces to the communists in the increased vigilance, "the anti-communist" put up a unified Association and the Organizations that wins both Union and closer, Shinsuke Kishi, and many members of the dominant Liberal Democratic Party and cooperative ties with the Unification Association has contributed many ideas and talk. AR}clXHd|AI\ApCvpB On the other hand, the Liberal Democratic Party lawmaker and a variety of hand work, as well as in the Soviet Union voluntarily and in the use of the pipe that was hungrily interests. A\ANU`f w 1945N X xA\WR}Of[ voT ] AnJ~APfJB In such a Soviet invasion of Sakhalin in the film's Sakhalin summer of 1945, the gates of Snow's when it was made, the Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union feared the deterioration of relations with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the movie's producers Pressure to the required Source, published by Toho stop in the series, published only in single theaters and showtimes.
[ W ] AJW relations with the United States
`wcA{`AJOu v`A 1950NN1960NxgiA I`RIASIj|o}~AISIRIB As the leader of the socialist bloc countries, and countries capitalistic become the de facto leader of the United States and the "Cold War" confrontation in the 1950s and the Korean War in the 1960s, such as in the Vietnam War, the proxy war that indirectly In the form of a military confrontation, but fear of all-out nuclear war was a deterrent to both sides, with direct confrontation and a full-scale military said.
xL[o@SIRIOsA U-2NsAJR@AIRIB But the Berlin blockade and the Cuban crisis and a full-scale military confrontation was on the verge of another until, U-2 shoot-down incident was in the overflight of U.S. warplanes shot down, and limited military confrontation in fact had There is.
AWArAos@sB In addition, this relationship despite the conflict, the Cold War in the formal diplomatic relations do not lose, for both commercial aircraft traffic in the capital had been made. A q@\AAtKjX^NUAu[uv@IA XpCoAOy\iEmEO[^OAu[uvAOe^OAOIsB However, the plane shot down KAL incident and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, when such was the case, the "sanctions" but as a private aircraft traffic is limited to temporary or espionage cases come to light, such as the one foreign policy Director of Persona non-GURATA to be deported as, for the "retaliation" and the other countries on suspicion of the same diplomats and deportation, the farce is kind of diplomatic maneuvering.
[ W ] Onq~ foreign travel ban
OlIRnqA SOohRI~AAnqs\B For foreign travel for personal reasons, asylum and foreign exchange outflow from the main reason for that is prohibited in principle, countries have diplomatic relations would be trivial, but as long as the authorities do not have the permission Was impossible to travel. lXAlPRss\B And even if permission came with a variety of restrictions, individuals can not travel freely. \AA`{`wcUB The Soviet society, and the closure of the east side of the socialist system as a symbol of Western capitalism and ammunition from the camp. AsOAKq{lvOAIXpCP[XB In addition, travelers returning from abroad and not always good enough to receive intelligence from his interrogation that even if there is no intention in a foreign countryRANE away everything that must be seen as a result, it is a spy Most of the cases.
AlQALwuvWvu@vB In addition, the association and Western countries and marriage with many obstacles, given the wide range of "directly related to national interests" and "involved state secrets" that the marriage was forbidden. \i hi^[VvljA_\AorAxzopX|[gNvB But was it possible to marry (Hiroshi Ishii based his wife, Natasha, etc.), and in society at the time of the Soviet Union came to an end on the career ladder, now the mother of a spouse to leave the country in the years to passports It took. {`AqlWQB This is not just the Western capitalist countries, satellite and even the marriage of national and a variety of interference from the authorities is said. AOqH^sDOtsycAycSj~AO_KY}ZsB The route will operate in foreign countries or foreign vessels to travel to play in the orchestra and the orchestra and crew members to prevent asylum, and to monitor the foreign media in the age of the Communist Party political officers had been accompanied. X|[ctSlEWcB Nevertheless, such as sporting events or in concert asylum to an individual or collective bring endless. ^ZAZu\AXpCv^OAZnB If you have better luck with immigration and emigration from the state and society, "Soviet spies" may have a lot of doubts, and it was not safe refuge.
OA1950N_lCXGoB As an exception, until the 1950s, the Jews of Israel to leave the country. \A{pX`iCXGi 1948N jxAr_laIZIiB Soviet government in Palestine, Israel's Founding (1948) to support the reconstruction of the war in the country from developing Jewish reduce this to a peaceful policy to actively promote immigration. ACXGAJxARAu\AW[A_lZXB However, the strong American support for Israel, Arab countries opposed to deepen relations with the Soviet Union and the emigration of Jews were gradually decreasing. 1967NOfAAIWcosB 1967 Six-Day War in the severance of diplomatic relations between the two countries, since the group until the end of the Cold War did not leave the country at the most.
A\A{YlOB AnotherYWANAI the Soviet Union to express the government's deportation of people. `WQAOmxlSAspX|[gDAB The nation's stability and development of the socialist system and harm, and have a high profile in the country in order to purge or detention in the country in case of difficulty, and the civil rights of those who took my passport and deported to Western countries Did. tEgcL[ANThE\WFj[cB\AoAAF_AOnq~zB This Trotskii Lev and Alexander Solzhenitsyn was a departure from the Soviet Union, not to return home from exile in a foreign travel ban policy with the same idea.
[ W ] R Military
\rGgAMRQ Details of the Soviet military reference
[ W ] R powerful military force
AJMRA jj\@A e~TCe~TC\q A@zARB Led by the United States and Western countries over the counter, and nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons can be equipped with supersonic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles and intercontinental ballistic missile with a nuclear-powered submarines, supersonic fighter jets and tanks deployed and , Holds a powerful military force.
ARRACtVXexAIoB However, to maintain a strong military force led to the increase in military spending, the general infrastructure and distribution systems, such as delays in the development of KITASHI, battered as a result of the national economy. A 1979N10NAtKjX^NUDAsB The 1979-1910 invasion of Afghanistan had become a quagmire, failure without producing any results. lA\rGgAMMB War costs and huge loss of life, not just lower the prestige of the Soviet Union. A q@@NAY`I`lIB The case of Korean Air planes shot down civilian aircraft shot down like a lead case, and that communism is a humanitarian and non-bureaucratic opposition from Western countries to buy.
[ W ] Rx military support
A V@\SA [bpnuA nK[vntqv^AV@\AkNlaA L[okxgiAEI`AY`e@eAoB In addition, the Warsaw Pact countries in central and eastern European countries base put strife-torn Hungary and the Prague Spring reform movement, such as a satellite state of armed suppression of the Warsaw Treaty Organization member countries, as well as North Korea and the Chinese People's Republic, Cuba and North Vietnam, the world's anti-American socialist, communist country to the rifle range bomber from a variety of weapons exports. OE\AB But now the Third World with a flood of Soviet-made weapons are in circulation.
ARZpAoAZhRPsRZp^AAXNpgXEoFDweR{XpCeXg{^A^B Not only that, in military technology export to these countries, and dispatched officers and did military training in these countries contribute to the advancement of military technology, and in the Moscow-based ethnic names Lumumba Friendship PATORISU Universities and military facilities in various espionage and terrorist training and financing, including the provision of weapons is also included.
ANxgiAFDIxANwVtEX^[AkNJwB The war in the Korean War and the Vietnam War, when representatives of the allies to actively support the side, as well as in the Korean War at the time of Joseph Stalin's leadership, North Korea's Kim Il Sung in In fact a war is said to be ordered.
AA{AJA[bpA AJAWA A AtJ``}{A@cegDA^ci^jxsALeR{XpCeXg{^A^B In addition, through the Cold War period, Japan and the United States, European countries and Western countries such as South America and Asia, African countries in the non-socialist countries socialist government and rebel parties, including the outlawed terrorist organizations and anti-social Forces, anti-war movement groups (in fact most of the anti-American movement was) and support for, the same as in the above-mentioned various military facilities and training in espionage and terrorist financing, and also included the provision of arms He said.
VAE\ARQ Soviet Russian military uniform See also
[ W ] wZp Science and Technology
qFZpAAJRAMJsi FJ jB Aerospace technology, compete with the United States on the development of the country's prestige was made (space race). llHq u Xv[gjN1 vA [EKK[lLlFsA FXe[V u ~[ vn^pFJAEqd IujXNA\AlwcB Mankind's first artificial satellite "Sputnik I," The successful launch of the Yuri Gagarin by mankind's first manned spaceflight successful, the space station "Mir" over the long-term success of the operation and development of the universe, the world's first Nuclear power plants Obninsk, such as the construction of the Soviet Union in the human sciences giant footprint in the leaving is great. PbgHwFJbA\ARX^`EEEcBIRtXL[zB The development of modern rocketry and space is the foundation of the Soviet Union Konstantin Tsiolkovsky E that is built.
A q@~REOrb`vi ~O jA C[VvA c|tvnI@\JB In addition, aircraft Gurevitch Mikoyan Design Bureau at (MiG), the Ilyushin Design Bureau, the Tupolev Design Bureau, including the development of innovative mechanisms. FqAWOA n}LsssB The space research and nuclear research, and other officials from enteringSAZU the map is not listed as closed in the city had to be done.
AROxB On the other hand, non-military aspects of the study were delayed. X^[AwInCfIM[DACZRCZR_A\A_IQAA]B Especially in the Stalin era, from a scientific point of view that ideology is often preferred, especially Lysenko proposed the theory of Lysenko and the Soviet Union's agriculture was devastated, and fell to the importing country. AvoHJAAvsxXB Also, planning and economic development is the construction of the plant, and ignored the fact that sometimes, and in terms of profits and the environment that often fails. Any[jAlNQB Therefore, soil and rivers in some areas to cause serious environmental destruction, and many people had to undergo a health risk. A `FmuC\AIBQ\BAQgB However, the Chernobyl nuclear accident will be represented, such as a bureaucratic cover-up structure on the surface of these cover the damage, and damage estimates. ACJv20IjNB The Aral Sea in the 20th century's development plan called the largest environmental destruction caused the situation. AyHu oj vgpB In addition, civil works and sometimes the "nuclear explosions for the national economy" was never used.
duWlt~AiqZpqFZpAJ10NPxB The rigid bureaucratic system, particularly significant since the Brezhnev era, and would have advanced nuclear technology and space technology unit in delay of 10 years for America to take. RpiZp{[J[i @BRR jB Military products and technology, Toshiba and Hitachi and other Japanese manufacturers were also introduced (KOKOMU violation of Toshiba Machine). EWHZpARs[^}iyoAnCeNIB The semiconductor integrated circuit technology behind it to take significant, as the West's progress and rapid spread of computers to be unable to achieve the high-techCHIRERU be decisive in the field. [2] [2]
[ W ] o Economy
\rGgAMoQ For details, the economy of the Soviet Union see
\AofAY}vm}JABRITA the economic model of the Soviet Union, the Communist Party of the planned quota imposed on workers, it was to play. \A^`QB For more information-oriented society of the Soviet Union reference.
[ W ] vo planned economy.
voQ Details of the planned economy refers to
ovoA_Wc}i Wc_ jB In terms of economic planning economy SHIKARE system, was made into a group of farmers (collective farms). SmB And free medical expenses tax also can not completely known. 1930NEQ{`sA\AeoBAEee^B In the 1930s Great Depression capitalism in those countries suffer from depression, without the influence of the Soviet Union so to achieve high economic growth, had a significant impact on the world. AovzSJxAxY}wWzB However, the economic growth of political prisoners and prisoners of thought and supported by the labor force, the wealth concentrated in the upper echelons of the Communist Party and the allocation of the situation has been revealed. WEPlXEKuCXu{`1930NQsA\A`oiiAAJEHBSpBv1970NnB John Kenneth Galbraith, "the capitalist countries of the Great Depression in the 1930s and had been suffering from depression when the Soviet Union's socialist economy has been a big breakthrough in the world behind the United States was second in the industrial countries. And Full employment and social security we've got it licked. "While also began to collapse in the 1970s are summarized. A 1960N~voj]IAsRB In fact, in the 1960s after the collapse of a planned economy is a crucial and the shortage of consumer goods such as the impoverishment of the people live.
AxA_iY\AsB Also, due to the delayed development of the distribution, farmers were producing as well, it will be delivered to the consumer to keep them in a woeful state of corruption. soEAYMB The black market such as the black economy and rampant corruption, and in such a noble communist but the result was rampant. voYREAYB First of all planned economy compared to other industries and is influenced by nature, does not guarantee success in the primary industry was introduced and it was a big mistake. inAoYvsNB Mao Zedong a major breakthrough policies in the ecosystem, and it ignores common sense of the economy in a failed plan to increase production was due to have it.
[ W ] the distribution of consumer goods
E\ARZpA @KvdiA A Vv[JYAaAZpAidiANSB East-West confrontation structure in the world of military high technology and huge funds to be invested in the meantime, refrigerators, washing machines and other appliances necessary for people's lives, soaps and detergents, shampoo and other consumer goods in general and the development of Production and distribution are neglecting the development of the technology than in Western countries, the incomparable quality and electrical appliances should even wait for a few years to get such a dismal state it was not.
diZpAZp10NxAtBAbgpbJ[hgA^iZp^B Most consumer electronics and automotive technology, the technology from Western countries, was delayed for more than 10 years is said, many of the Fiat and PAKKADO companies and in partnership with the Western model was the product of technology .
[ W ] f Trade
LA diAH@BZpiIAAoA _YYiA VRKXGlM[B As mentioned above, electronics and consumer goods, machine tools and automotive technology and quality, such as that of Western nations was worse to be decisive, exports to Western countries, agricultural products and seafood, such as Of primary commodities and oil and natural gas and other energy resources in the primary. A [uAOlAGlM[fAfxB Also, the currency of the Louvre itself, as the currency of the country to lower the value of the energy resources of a country with the exception of trade, balance of trade with Western countries, the deficit was generally very low or even what Or.
q`fAORA RRfKfiAYiGlM[AdiAH@BA q@RAoB That satellite contrary to the socialist countries and the trade between the countries, many of them were fewer of the country's foreign currency and KOKOMU trade restrictions and other trade goods from Western countries has been limited to the primary Products and energy resources as well as other Western countries were not in the consumer electronics and consumer goods, machine tools from the automotive, aircraft and other military goods to be exported. AiAo[^[f`B In addition, many of them as a de facto aid, trade and barter in the form of free supply was close to.
[ W ] A imports of consumer goods
Adii AAA~AXNssu O vOpfp[g\B The Western appliances and cosmetics, clothing and other imports of consumer goods, distribution had been banned in principle, but only in large cities such as Moscow was set "GUMU" foreign private and exclusive department stores get Was possible. AwOlY}wB However, they can purchase or a foreigner and the upper echelons of the Communist Party was the only family. A }[{^oR[oCXW[Yi[gB Therefore, Marlboro cigarettes and Levi's jeans, a black, and many other Western products and distribution channels.
[ W ] Transportation
ZnOAOs\rGgAOvB People are living in their region long-distance move to the outside was limited in fact, as well as tourists from abroad in the Soviet Union in a move that has significant limitations, for both domestic and international traffic Demand has been very limited. SAR]perIiAlLA H^J[CtnB Railway network, both long and short of military diversion from the relatively easy maintenance in progress, but differences between Western countries and the number of private car ownership was limited to high-speed roads and car rental Infrastructure such as the automobile was still poor.
OlIRnqASOohRI~AAnqs\B For foreign travel for personal reasons, asylum and to prevent outflow of foreign currency that the main reason is prohibited in principle, countries have diplomatic relations would be trivial, but as long as the authorities do not have the permission Was impossible to travel. lXAlPRss\B And even if permission came with a variety of restrictions, individuals can not travel freely. AFDWIAOq@DrIB However, the relationship between national power and friendship intended to show the outside of scheduled flights by aircraft or ship had been relatively maintenance.
[ W ] q Airlines
[ W ] AGt[g Aeroflot
Lyq@B Land is mainly a vast aircraft had been linked by. AqHBqcAGt[gE\rGgq^sAAq@ANZX\nAHn`^s\A^WFbg@^[{vbv@A^t@lX@^sB However, the only domestic air route network and the largest airline in the state of Soviet Aeroflot airline has been run by long-distance international flights and is accessible only by aircraft and remote areas, is paved runway Has not been established regional airport that can be operated as a large jet from the turboprop aircraft, a small biplane operated by the various equipment.
[ W ] International
AGt[g^sA\rGgCOnqOs\rGgAFDWIAvqAL[oAS A kNFDEesB Like the Aeroflot international flights were operated only by the Soviet people from abroad and overseas tourists traveling in the Soviet significant restrictions on internal migration in spite of that, make a show of national strength and friendship for the purpose of Western countries and the major satellite countries in Eastern Europe, Cuba and Angola, North Korea and other allies and other countries around the world had been in the traffic. AISZxO^sAT[rXyAiT[rXmB However, to fully profit from ignoring its purpose had been operated on in the service of Western countries that fell short distance from the Western countries, many of the cheap rates and poor service that had only known .
ACOFDqXNssSA{AJAhCcA {qpAJq A tgnUEhCcqqB Also, a lot of friends from overseas airlines, such as the Moscow traffic was mainly in big cities, Japan and the United States, Germany and other Western countries, Japan Airlines and Pan American World Airways, Lufthansa German Airlines and Airline traffic. A{{qAGt[g i Hc` A c` jA V i V` jXNA notXN A CN[cN^sB In addition, Japan Airlines and Japan between Aeroflot and Tokyo (Haneda Airport, Narita Airport), Niigata (Niigata Airport) and Moscow, Khabarovsk, Irkutsk and in between had regular flights.
[ W ] S Railway
VxAS\SessAqS^sB Trans-Siberian railway to the national railway network and each of the other cities were linked by satellite around the country and to neighboring countries and international trains were operating. AXNjO[h iFTNgyeuNjssnSA`IAw\{a{B In addition, Moscow and Leningrad (now: St. Petersburg) in several major cities such as the subway system has been established, and demonstrate the success of socialist construction, in order to station the palace decorated like a luxury Goldfield said.
[ W ] car
lLAZnOAsHIB Private car ownership, as well as their non-local residents have moved to distance the fact that there has been limited, has been held in Western countries such as the highway is moved by the general public Was not. AsssXnoXHB In addition, the city's metropolitan bus routes had been throughout the network.
[ W ] _E media coverage
[ W ] The report blackout
LOT~A erWI A V}XR~SY}uA}}CiXB Back to intercept foreign broadcasts were banned on television and radio, newspapers and other media coverage of the Communist Party is completely under control, and the National Party for any negative news flow and the . KOA `FmuCq@IeAAoIA}lnSAYzA}}CiXe^fA}LecB Such incidents and foreign regulations, the Chernobyl accident and the shooting down of Korean Air plane incident to have an impact upon the international response to the incident, as well as domestic political and economic cases, the purge of party leaders and the underground Accidents, such as coal mine accidents to the case, that the National Party and the negative impact that was judged to be almost no coverage, or if you are reporting to the government and the party To be favorable to what had been distorted. AIsbNA^m\AIWS]P[XpB Therefore, the western countries, such as the Olympics and he learned the truth of the Soviet Union the first time athletes and officials have been frequent cases of the asylum request.
AY}L}vlA}\AerWIg}~A NVbNyEjjfA NvfgB In addition, general secretary of Communist Party officials died when the party prior to the announcement by the official television and radio stopped regular programming abruptly, classical music or the Second World War history and military history Switches to images, the Kremlin's strategic points, such as hoisting the national flag is the flag at half-staff to becomeWASHI. Ai@jAerWIgXAvfgxAvlB For this reason, the public (and Western news organizations), many television and radio programming is changed, are strategic points in the national flag and hoisting the flag at half-staff at a time in which key figures have died due to speculate whether Is said to have.
@h{IRAAO\KvpAlISVB Western correspondents of news agencies in the country are free to basically cover the press were not allowed to, and must apply in advance, was rejected by many of them, as if reporters were allowed to And the selection was scheduled to run all I had toWANAKERE. AXNIsbNICxgA]wKs\AKwAVXPW[KB Also, the Moscow Olympics and other international events and the leaders of Western countries will be held during the official visit to the reporters who visited the Soviet Union, has run such a schedule should provide coverage.
A@\rGgl]IIAA@hs`B In addition, Western news organizations who work in the Soviet and voluntary workers allowed to choose not to accept theTEGAWA from the authorities is only the Western countries, many of the correspondents of news agencies and their Action obligated to report to the authorities.
[ W ] uNmW[v "KUREMURINOROJI"
}vlrilj{\A@@hA [f[LOp[hNLvluAr}vlAu NmW[ vB Figures of the party was ousted (or the purge) is for the government to immediately from the fact that this will be officially announced in rare cases, Because of this Western intelligence agencies of member countries and the correspondents of news agencies, Labor Day, And during the Memorial Day parade in the Kremlin's Red Square on top of the table of dignitaries lined up to observe the changes in position, the key figures in the downfall of the Party Central by a change of rank speculation, which "KUREMURINOROJI" was called.
[ W ] vpK_ propaganda
\rGgAMvpK_@A\AE`i en:Peter KenezThe Birth of the Propaganda State;Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization 1985jB Soviet propaganda Ahead of modern techniques, and the Soviet Union and the world's first national promotion called (en: Peter Kenez of The Birth of the Propaganda State; Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization 1985). f[ju|pAdvfvlEfwZA GC[VeC^[WoAaVAIefli`XEhCc`[[tEQbxX^B In the film of Lenin, "in all the arts, the most important is the film" from the idea that the world created the first national film school, Eizenshtein a montage to be devised, which at that time To be extremely innovative, and the sophistication of the world famous film and after Nazi Germany's propaganda minister and Joseph Goebbels was a rave. `fnfA\ffEDEq@EpiF }NVES[L[ jB Running to promote the local film, as a traveling theater projection equipment to train with the ship used in aircraft manufacturing (Example: Maxim Gorky number). |X^[VAEA@MhW\}ECpNgtHg^[WAEegB Posters and billboards in the Russian avant-garde composition from the strong development impact of the powerful photo montage was born, it was used frequently in countries in the world.
oxEwzw\rGgEpXzA`IC^AhCc A {ze^B The Tower of Babel is a metaphor for the world's largest ultra-high layer aimed at building a giant Soviet Palace as well as the architect of future generations, to form Italy and Germany and Japan had a big influence on the architecture of . {\rGgEpXvOOzwB Japan also plans to see the Soviet Palace Kenzo Tange came to the architect's. EIX^LmE^[B At the time was the world's tallest buildings Ostankino tower was also completed. X^[XNj[[NVOA X^[lB Stalin in Moscow in New York as skyscrapers to the Stalin-style construction of many buildings. \AvpK_CEpttEBScL[Sw__IB The propaganda of the Soviet Union Ivan PAVUROFU and Lev VIGOTSUKI and psychology was based on the theory was in the vanguard. uEgerEAerB Other CRT-based televisions invented the world's experts for the first time, TV was active in the research.
[ W ] @ religion
[ W ] e crackdown
VAv__\rGgAMAVAVAC@AYvB Russian Revolution by the atheist Soviet Union to reach anJIRU and Russia's state religion was the Russian Orthodox Church and many monasteries were closed, property was confiscated. EY\FcL[C@Qe]pB After a World Heritage Site and the Solovetsky Islands, a group of monasteries were diverted to a concentration camp.
AEMOXpC^AYvB In addition, the clergy and believers of foreign spies were arrested on charges such as the number of executions is a deadly. sAhjNEjRXLC eEvmB It was the first bishop of the Kyoto NIKORISUKII ANDORONIKU archbishop buried on the shooting death will be known to be fatal unique. __W{VFBLdXNeB[zi`[zjAzesIp]A\BGgVA{FsAB Initially, the atheist Bolshevik call for a strong rebound was the Moscow Patriarch Hong Tee (Hong Qi) were, or imagine a relentless crackdown on the church to the reality that the situation Transformation of attitude, the Russian government SOVIETO recognized as a legitimate government had the cooperation of the church's activities were severely restricted. {QSoB Government's fear of persecution were a large number of asylum seekers.
1931NX^[~nXgXjA\hCcNUmCKvX^[AIjQ]FA1925NeB[zi~AXNIoFB In 1931 Stalin's orders by the Cathedral of Christ toss Harris was the bombing of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in the war against Germany in the morale of the people feel the need to be inspired by Stalin, accompanied by the destruction of the physical The Orthodox Church to the persecution of the church to change direction and allow the recovery of certain activities, in 1925 Patriarch Hong tea and the rest later, was vacant and Moscow Patriarch was elected. ~AoFA 1918NXN_wAJf~[JB This is when it was banned by the church-related publications was the very limited permitted despite the 1918 closure had been from the Academy of Theology in Moscow was allowed to resume.
X^[AtV`txAVAB But after the death of Stalin, Khrushchev again, strengthen the control of the Russian Orthodox Church. XVAxAB And the gradual recovery of fine and a blow to the Russian Orthodox ChurchRI again, reduced to less than half the number of churches. ~A\AVAB Since the Soviet collapse of the Russian Orthodox church to be restored did not have players.
[ W ] @ Other Religions
LyAAWAnCXA\rGgAMVA@eB In a vast land, in Central Asia, Islam had a major influence, but with the passing of the Soviet Union and the Russian Orthodox Church and other religious oppression to be. lXSMS}A@\AB But in the hearts of the people of faith can not keep up, and other religious education after the collapse of the Soviet Union team also recovered. \AzA{nwOInFDW[ voT ] B The missionary activities in the Soviet Union itself was not allowed to be, but Japan's Soka Gakkai from a diplomatic point of view was maintained friendly relations Requirement Source].
[ W ] Culture
[ W ] |p Art
_E\RAwS]VA m[xw{XEpXei[N]VAm[xw\WFj[cBOAlB No freedom of expression and speech and literature during their exile and will be forced to the Nobel Literature Prize winner Boris Pasternak's award to be forced to resign, as the Nobel Prize in literature Solzhenitsyn As is to be deported, and a passion for culture said.
v\AEW~[E[jvIOq|pA |p\`A VAEA@MhY}F|pB Immediately after the revolution in the Soviet Union Vladimir Lenin the revolutionary avant-garde artists to encourage, abstract art and constructivism was born in the Russian avant-garde art and the Communist Party has been authorized so to speak. \AEdqy@e~A^[W_Oq|pbJAOsOq|p\rGgAMQB The Soviet Union was the world's first electronic musical instrument Theremin - An Electronic Odyssey will be created, such as the birth of montage theory and become the Mecca of avant-garde art, and many from foreign countries was a dark avant-garde artists who participated in the construction of the Soviet Union. AOq\rGgEpXvERrWG A @^[EOsEX A G[qEfX][ A I[MXgEy A nXEycBqViCs_jYzB For example, in the above-mentioned plans for the Soviet Palace of Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius, Erich Mendelssohn, Auguste Perret, such as Hans Poelzig up-and-coming modern architecture of the house involved. [jg__CXgwoijwtA@MhxjB Lenin himself dadaist have a theory was (Humi Tsukahara, the words of the avant-garde). A tZHhECGzhAWEv@mATaVIoARfBAEfeA T[JX@BIC[WggP@u rInjJ v BiomechanicsXs1920N\rGgEVA20IOe^iX^[X^jXtXL[EVXejB In addition, Vsevolod Meyerhold method of the subject to establish a professional theater, based on the classical stage interpretation of the novel, DERARUTE KOMEDIA, circus and the image of a combination of mechanical movements and physical training "BIOMEHANIKA" Biomechanics of the proposed And their 1920s Soviet Russia in the first half of the 20th century theater as well as to international theater influenced (during the Stalin regime Stanislavsky system was).
X^[1932Ns\AY}u `AY vj~A 1930NOwAG|ppAA]VB Under Stalin's regime in 1932 was held at the Central Committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union "socialist realism" is a policy advocated since the 1930s, during the first half of literature and sculpture, paintings and other writers in the field of arts tournament To be used on the enthusiasm official, it is a limit to what SOGUWANU increasingly been forced to decline.
oGVA`I|p{A NVbNyAVX^R[B`icA BXL[jO[hEtBn[j[yctcB The ballet and other traditional arts in Russia sponsored by the government to maintain a high level of the original, classical music, even while the authorities limited by Shostakovich, leaving their works, Mravinsky, led by Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra and the name Have left to play.
[ W ] \A`f Soviet film on painted or
- |`L i 1925N A\Aj Battleship Potemkin (1925, the Soviet Union)
- l i 1962N A\Aj I was the battlefield of the village (1962, the Soviet Union)
- XNM i 1979N A\Aj Do not believe in tears Moscow (1979, the Soviet Union)
- bL[4 i1985NAAJj Rocky 4 (1985, USA)
- bhEINg[o[! i 1988N AAJj The Hunt for Red October (1988, USA)
- bhu i1988NAAJj Red Bull (1988, USA)
- X^[O[h i 2001N AAJj Stalingrad (2001, USA)
- NN[VJ bvhd i 2002N AVAj Lapland KUKUSHUKA Fairy (2002, Russia)
- K-19 i2002NAAJj K-19 (2002, the United States)
- 007V[Y 007 Series
[ W ] \A`Aj drew the Soviet Union was the subject anime or
[ W ] \A`Q[ the subject of the Soviet Union or the game drew
- ^MA\bh3 i{j Metal Gear Solid 3 (Japan)
[ W ] \A``i Soviet Union's socialist system works are painted
- 007V[YSS13A40N90NEwitBNViA\rGgAMp`B 007 series and Gorgo 13, and 40s from the 1990s until the situation in the world of fiction and works in the background of the Soviet Union is often portrayed. @KGBA{wSB The intelligence agency KGB and the, government officials and scientists in the asylum case and will be a good subject. A\rGgAMsA\rGgAMW`B Western nations have been created for the country, the interior of the Soviet Union was unknown to officials of the Soviet Union is often portrayed as a villain.
- pOw pO VA xw pO pEw x\AAloB Lupine III in the Lupine the call of love from Russia and the assassination of Lupine directives of the Soviet Union, and the cast of characters are related.
- EHbJE^C i R j Vodka Time (MASAYUKI Katayama)
[ W ] O exotic culture
lCbN[wB^ A WYyA nEbhfOAuIApctvI~Ak[bphCc|s[yAq{A C^A|pIvfffB Was popular in western countries rock and roll and Heavy metal music, jazz and other music and Hollywood movies and popular culture, "in the commercial, childish things lead to decadence" is prohibited in principle, just north of Europe Countries and West Germany and other popular music and the satellite countries and Japan, Italy and other elements of high art and film screenings only been allowed to. AOWIT~B In addition, foreign radio broadcasts to intercept had been banned.
[ W ] X|[c Sports
\rGgAMX|[cQ Details of the sport of the Soviet Union see
[ W ] Xe[gEA}`A State Amateur
X|[cMAXe[gEA}`AIvOIA IsbNhB Sports put the prestige of the country have taken measures to strengthen the so-called state amateur player development, called the National Program of the players will be trained by the Olympic crown in the hands of a few to many. ACXzbP[o[{[ A oXPbg{[ A zbP[mIsbN_lAJhCcB In particular, hockey and volleyball, basketball, hockey and is known as the best players in the country's Olympic medal tally, and always lead the United States and East Germany had not been competing. I@h[sOB But after the collapse of many of those players illegal doping drugged state, was due to be revealed by the confession of the parties. Avow(1926N56.6A1980N99.7B)xA `FXwIsbNmB In addition, immediately after the revolution was aimed to eradicate illiteracy from the literacy rate (in 1926 was 56.6%, 99.7% in the 1980s has been reached) and a high level of education, chess and math Olympics in Known as the leading nation.
AY`VXeASX|[cA}`AX|[cuA{`vX|[cyvIB However, the communist system, all under the control of the sport in the country and as an amateur sport and the capitalist countries, such as by the professional sports and professional athletes did not exist.
[ W ] XNIsbN Moscow Olympic Games
1980NA\rGgAMjBGIsbNXNIsbNsB In 1980, in the history of the Soviet Union is the only Summer Olympics in Moscow Olympic Games were held.
AIsbNwAONsAtKjX^NURcA{hCc AAJ{CRbgssIB Under that with the Cold War, the country's concerted efforts aimed at the success of the Olympics, but was held last year in the form of a protest against the invasion of Afghanistan, Japan and West Germany, the United States and other de facto boycott failed . A~\rGgAMGA~GIsbNsB However, after the collapse of the Soviet Union until the summer, with the Winter Olympics were not held again.
A1984NJT[XIsbNA1983NAJROi_NURcA\rGgAMhCc_A{CRbgB And, next time in 1984 at the Los Angeles Olympics, the U.S. military in 1983, the invasion of Grenada on the pretext of protest to the Soviet Union and East Germany to the Kingdom of the medals, including a boycott by many of the countries in the east.
[ W ] A See also
- VAE\rGgAM`a Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic
- N Kremlin
- } One-party dictatorship
- {Y} Japanese Communist Party
- Y} Communist Party of China
- S` Totalitarian
- l Great Purge
- YM Communist aristocracy
- vo Planned economy
- Rz[Y Kolkhoz
- \tz[Y SOFUHOZU
- sIl[ Pioneer
- a Dalnevostochnaya Respublika
- `FJ CHEKA
- \A iKGBj Soviet State Security Committee (KGB)
- VAE}tBA Russian Mafia
- R~e iOC^[iVij KOMINTERUN (Third International)
- R~tH iR~epgDj KOMINFORUMU (the successor organization KOMINTERUN)
- XNIsbN Moscow Olympics
- XN Moscow Radio and Television
- AlNh[g Anecdote
- Go Yerevan broadcast
- VAEA@Mh Russian avant-garde
- `AY Socialist realism
- FJ Space Development
- FXe[V~[ Space Station Mir
- Xv[gjNv Sputnik program
- {Xg[N Vostok
- \[Y Soyuz
- \ALlsv Russia plans manned moon
- OXmX` Glasnost
- \rGgAMwAJf~[ Soviet Academy of Sciences
- @ Husa Tsuru law
- \rGgAMOOWt Of the Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with other countries of the date of
[ W ] r Footnotes
[ W ] ON External links
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