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hCc German

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Disambiguation ]B German entry into the transfer has been. uvB "Soliloquy" about himself please.
hCc German
Deutsch
Pronunciation IPA : /dɔʏʧ/ IPA: / dɔʏʧ /
b Will be spoken in the country hCc A XCX A I[XgA38J Germany, Switzerland, Austria and the other 38 countries.
n Regional [bp Europe
b The total number of speaker 11000l 110 million
b Position of the speaker 10 Ten
n Language System ChE[bp Indo-European
  Q}h Germanic
   Q}Q West Germanic languages
    nQ} Highland Germanic languages
     hCc German
In Public position
p Official language I[XgA Austria
xM[ Belgium
hCc Germany
qeV^C Liechtenstein
NZuN Luxembourg
I|[ i |[h j Opole (Poland)
Vv i nK[ j Sopron (Hungary)
XCX Switzerland
geB[mAgEAfBWFB i C^A j State Tolentino-Alto Adige (Italy)

i~rA inj Namibia (in some areas as auxiliary language)

BA The European Union
o`J i XCXq j VATICAN CITY (Swiss guard corps)
@ Control Authority
R[h Language code
ISO 639 -1 ISO 639 -1 de de
ISO 639-2 ISO 639-2 ger (B) ger (B) deu (T) deu (T)
ISO 639-3 ISO 639-3 variously:
deu — hCc deu - German modern


gmh — hCc gmh - Middle High German
goh — hCc goh - Old High German
gsw — XCXhCc gsw - Swiss German
swg — V@[x swg - Swabian dialect
gct — AnA} gct - AREMAN colonial language
wae — @T[hCc wae - language VARUSADOITSU
bar — o[f bar - south of Baden-word
yid — CfBbV yid - Yiddish
mhn — Mócheno mhn - Mócheno
nds — UNZ nds - Low Saxon
sxu — TN\ sxu - on the Saxon
cim — Lu cim - British word Kin
sli — VWA sli - Low-language department Silesia
wep — FXgt@[ wep - Westphalia dialect
pdt — nhCc pdt - Low German
pfl — peBi[e pfl - PARATINATE dialect



vmf — }C=tRjA vmf - Main = Franconian dialect
ksh — PV ksh - KERUSHU dialect

: jR[hLqIPALB Note: This page is Unicode is described in the IPA pronunciation symbols may be included.
\ E b E E Table talk Hen history

hCc ihCcA: Deutsch, Deutsche SprachejA pI_nChE[bpEQ}hQ}QB German (German, Germany: Deutsch, Deutsche Sprache), the English and Dutch and the relatedness of the Indo-European Germanic languages of the West belong to the Germanic language one.

hCclE11000lA10450l[1] B German population in the world's 110 million people, about 100 million 0450 million of them first language is [1]. I_EAtJ[Xbl16000lB The allied Dutch Afrikaans speaker and the combined population of 160 million people.

AB Germany in Chinese language and writing, and generally skip the German or German. ISO 639R[h2de A3deuB ISO 639 with a two-letter language code that de, 3 deu writing.

C^[lbggplS7p[ZghCcApAAXyCA{B Current Internet use about 7 percent of the population of the entire German, English, Chinese, Spanish and Japanese languages is second only to fifth. TCgiEFuEy[WjSTCg8p[ZghCcTCgAp[2] B Site (web page) the total number of sites in about 8 percent of the site is in German, English is the language of a second behind [2].

Index

[ W ] hCc German-speaking

[ W ] hCcp German language and the country

A BApB The European Union is also one of the official languages. 1991Ni~rApB In 1991 to Namibia was in the official language.

[ W ] pAhCcgpn is not an official language, German is used by the district

Wikibooks
EBLubNXhCcAB Wikibooks in German textbooks and related documents.
UIKUSHONARI
EBNVi[hCcJeSB UIKUSHONARI in German on the category.
EUEyeZhCcxFnA50¢0-49¡0-19¥-9¥%iDFEUEnj Each EU member state governments and residents in the German language to understand the degree of black areas, more than 50 percent below ,20-49% ,10-19% ,5-9%, 5% less (non-gray member of the EU Countries)

hCcbioCK jB A German speaker (usually bilingual).

[ W ] dialect

hCczbhniZFjApApiFjAhCcnbilpj Distribution native speaker of German-speaking majority and is the region (dark orange), as a second language is used, or are used in the informal (yellow), a German-speakers of minority ethnic groups There is a (square)

hCcA\nAki nhCc jEi nhCcEhCc jB German and quote-unquote, dozens of regional dialects collectively, is broadly divided into northern dialect (Low German) and the central and southern dialect (High German central German) and is divided into. hCcMAenB Germany Kuni Riyou country is divided into a long period, because of regional differences of each dialect is said to have. Au q vu nhCcq vqNAkNAqKIB Southern dialect, "the second consonant shift" or "High German consonant shift" consonant changes have happened, happened in the northern dialect, so the difference between consonants to be seen regularly. hCcnhCcB German dialect in southern and central highlands also be divided into German.

WhCciHochdeutsch: unhCcvjAe[QnbtA ^[hCceWnlB The current standard German (Hochdeutsch: "High German") is called, mainly the Thuringian region in the middle east has been spoken dialect words based on the Luther Bible and the German literary standard by the impact of Position. OhCcwAWhCcwKAhCc{WhCcbAnie[QnjxuavB So today, as a foreign language if you learn German, the German standard will be learning the German at home to a perfect standard German native speaker and the less any areas (for example, was a local Thuringian As) a certain amount of "accent" exists.

[ W ] List of dialects

German, Dutch dialect distribution map

nyihCcInAUNZlP[XB The decentralization of power compared to other Western European countries, which are far more dialects in Germany's high public positions, in the Low German language from its own case is protected as a present. hCcThCcAsxc_B But generally the protection of Germany while the German words are staying in the handling of a sense ofMEZU, who have complained about this to support the status quo between the fierce debate.

  • nhCciPlattdeutschj German lowlands (Plattdeutsch)
    • nhCciWestniederdeutschj West German lowlands (Westniederdeutsch)
      • ntNiNiederfränkischj Frank lowland dialect (Niederfränkisch)
      • UNZ iNiedersächsischj- EUnn Low Saxon dialect (Niedersächsisch) - EU from the region have the status of the language
        • FXgt@[iWestfälischj Dialect Westphalia (Westfälisch)
        • IXgt@[iOstfälischj OSUTOFAREN dialect (Ostfälisch)
        • knUNZiNordniedersächsischj Saxon dialect northern lowlands (Nordniedersächsisch)
    • nhCciOstniederdeutschj East German lowlands (Ostniederdeutsch)
      • }NEufuNiMark-brandenburgiscj BURADENBURUKU dialect marks (Mark-brandenburgisc)
      • |iMittelpommerschj Pommern central dialect (Mittelpommersch)
      • tHA|iVorpommerschj Dialect-Vorpommern (Vorpommersch)
      • |iOstpommerschj Pommern Eastern dialect (Ostpommersch)
      • nvCZiNiederpreußischj- oghewE Prussian lowland dialect (Niederpreußisch) - Baltic has been affected
        • vCZiOstpreußsichj East Prussia dialect (Ostpreußsich)
        • vCZiWestpreußischj Dialect West Prussia (Westpreußisch)
  • hCciMitteldeutschj German Central (Mitteldeutsch)
    • hCciWestmitteldeutschj German Central West (Westmitteldeutsch)
    • tNiMittelfränkischj Franklin Central dialect (Mittelfränkisch)
    • [[EtNiMoselfränkischj Frank Moselle dialect (Moselfränkisch)
    • CEtNiRheinfränkischj Frank dialect line (Rheinfränkisch)
      • CEvt@ciRheinpfälzischj Line Palatinate dialect (Rheinpfälzisch)
      • wbZiHessischj Hessian dialect (Hessisch)
    • hCciOstmitteldeutschj East Central German (Ostmitteldeutsch)
      • nUNZiObersächsischj Highland Saxon dialect (Obersächsisch)
        • IX^[hiOsterländischj- CvcBq OSUTARANDO dialect (Osterländisch) - Leipzig
        • GcRniErzgebirgischj- GcRn Dialect Erzgebirge (Erzgebirgisch) - Erzgebirge
      • e[QiThüringischj- GAtg Thuringian dialect (Thüringisch) - Erfurt
      • V[YBGiSchlesichj- uXE SHUREZUIEN dialect (Schlesich) - Breslau
      • EWbciLausitzischj- EWbcn Lusatia dialect (Lausitzisch) - Lusatia region
  • nhCciOberdeutschj High German (Oberdeutsch)

[ W ] T Overview

  • nhCcAtNA I_`B German low-lying areas of the western dialect words from the low-Frank, the Dutch were formed.
  • P[vAnI_AtJ[X`B Cape Colony from the Dutch, Afrikaans was formed.
  • uNnbtNuNB RINBURUKU and other local languages spoken in the east of the low-Frank southern dialect word RINBURUKU call.
  • nhCcASUNZij[_[UNZjB German lowlands of the eastern part of the whole low-Saxon dialect (federal language) call. AUNZB In addition, more low-Saxon East-West divide. UNZUNZB In general, low-Saxon Saxon and the West is low.
  • hCcA NZuNbNZuNNZuNB In the central German dialects in the West, Luxembourg Luxembourg dialect spoken in the Luxembourgish is being made.
  • nhCcEB[aLAoCGB High German dialect, the accent is famous in Vienna, the eastern central part of the Bavarian dialect belongs to. I[XgAhCcSAoCGoCGi oCG jB German in Austria almost the whole of the central or southern Bavaria Bavarian dialect (Bayern words) belong to. tAhCcoCGBoCGpnB On the other hand, Germany's Bavaria and the Bavarian dialect used in a lot of areas.
  • nhCcA}B The western highlands of the German dialect word AREMAN referred to collectively.
  • A}A V@[xnbV@[xB AREMAN language of the Swabian region is spoken in the Swabian language called.
  • A}A tXAUXnbAUXB AREMAN of the word, in France's Alsace region dialect spoken in the language of Alsace is called.
  • XCXhCcA}nA}AnA}AhCclAhCcXCXlC^[hCceroB Swiss German dialect for AREMAN AREMAN highland language, is the best place AREMAN dialect, which is common to hear of the German people do not know about, to the German-speaking Swiss and German TV interview broadcast in Subtitles sometimes appeared so. AXCXAEEgeuAGXcFbgi ß jgss@B Also, in the case of Switzerland, the capitalization of the umlaut on the e-postKAZU, ESUTSETTO (ß) to write without the use of such ss Differences on the orthography.
  • yVojAhCcAXCXhCc`B U.S. Pennsylvania German, Swiss variant of German.
  • CfBbVhCc`A wuCB Yiddish is a variant of German, Hebrew letters are written in.
962N_[}hCczi BOzj 962 years of the Holy Roman Empire of the German distribution (Eastern colonial past distribution)
hCcbzAEhCcskAB Distribution of German speaker, in World War II defeat of Germany, has changed significantly. }1910N1945Nz iFj The 1910 census figure was based on the distribution of up to 1945 (dark blue)
}1950N_z iFj |[hhCcb|B Figure at the time of the 1950 distribution (dark blue) from Poland to the German speaker is almost clear. AhCcbenciFj However, as German minorities in Eastern Europe around the speaker to the left (sky blue)

[ W ] j History

uhCcv786N theodiscusieIfBXNXj e^oAuOv\hCc`e diutisc hB "German" is the word from 786 theodiscus (TEODISUKUSU) Latin types first appeared in literature, but the "popular" Old High German meaning of the adjective is derived from diutisc. eIfBXNX`[gl iTeutone=gCg[lAhCcAQ}nhCclcje`B This is TEODISUKUSU people Zhudong (Teutone = TOITONE, German dictionary, according to the system in the Old High German ancestry and German) are also in the form of Latin.

hCcA German in the order of the times,

liKB Roughly four stages and is classified.

hCc^tNgpAu q vqnQ}AIO2`3IlB And the prototype of German Frank family had the use of language, "the first consonant shift" consonant changes in the system by the ancient Germanic from the differentiation, BC century, two or three days to complete and was thought to be . I500NnhCcqNAnhCcmB After the era 500 years until around in the highlands to the German second consonant shift occurs, the low-lying areas and the German was clearly the difference. uhCcvnAShCcIWhCcB Thus, "Old High German" period begins, but this was still a German all-German standards did not exist. uhCcvhCcB The so-called "Old High German" at the time the various dialects of German is the only collectively. hCccAB Until now a significant number of documents from the Old High German is still, many of them do not know about the author. L9Iw [Xs xw Fb\uF xAIgt[gEtHE@CZuNwxB In the famous epic of the early 9th century MUSUPIRI and the prayer-book of VESSOBURUN, VAISENBURUKU by phone, Fleet Otho, and the Gospel. AteDAe|B In addition, at the time of writing the Latin dominates, but also many Latin translation of the document was created. wCVh[xAw^`A[xAA UNgKmm[gJ[B ISHIDORU, for example, of TACHIAN, St. Gallen monks Carr notes by the Old Testament and Psalms are.

11IhCcA m{RmSB 11th century literature into German by the increasing number of monks court on behalf of the knights of the language has been a leader. ~lUOVlLA_WhCchCc`B Minnesang called the troubadour of our own understanding of poetry as widely as possible, many dialects have in common aggregate in the German inland from the central leading to a majority to form a Middle High German. hCchCcAPAVhCcGB Middle High German, Old High German vowel to a decrease compared to the ending of the changes are simple, yet complex than Niitaka German said.

zO{hCcA@n\LB Dissemination of terminally ill people from the Middle Ages easy-to-book is written in German, but without orthography for each region is represented in its own way. VhCc\L@^`A 1522N}eBE^[hCcWB Niitaka early German law of the conventions also give a certain direction is formed, and in 1522 was completed when Martin Luther German translation of the Bible by a larger development.

17IhCcloAmlhCc^B In the 17th century as a German national who is aware of the growing knowledge among people in the German unification was a popular movement seeking to purify languages. hCc@iHvAjB Modern German orthography is maintained from the start this time (the capitalized nouns, such as initial efforts, caused this time). v}`pA OZWR[gEhD[f@TVhCc`B This trend of the Romantic era is over by the Grimm brothers and editor of the dictionary by Konrad Duden of the German spelling dictionary formed by the German Niitaka. 1998N81@_cAOZ100No1961NlASAhCc`B But 1998 is introduced on 1 August is still debate about the orthography and the brothers Grimm of the dictionary was completed more than 100-year-old from the start was also given in 1961, and all other languages Similarly, the German is still in the process of formation.

XAOAhCcATeutsch igC`j[3] B Originally, the unification of the former Union of German Princes in the period, which represents ethnic Teutsch (Teutsch)SU the same language and a common language between ethnic groups was considered to be a name like [3]. 18IvCZATeutsch Deutsch ihC`jpAhCc Deutsch [ voT ] B 18th century and the end of the Kingdom of Prussia and the nation is united, unified national origin as the name and Teutsch Deutsch (Deutsch) was adopted, German, was also called Deutsch Requirement Source]. I_Duits ihDCcjB In the Dutch Duits (DUITSU). ]{AuhCcvB That the Edo period in Japan, "Germany".

[ W ] p in English and

wA phCcChE[bpQ}hA2NOlA_B On linguistics, English, German and also the same Indo-European Germanic languages belong to, until about two thousand years ago was the same language and are considered to have a lot in common. AejIwii~jALB However, that followed the historical background of each language (especially the Middle Ages or later), was the difference. LB The following are the main mark.

  • pJACOhtXbm}lxzA PgnEF[YEXRbghEAChxzNbAOiAt@xbgbjAhCcWKIB English Great Vowel transition tolarge divergence of spelling and pronunciation, the English French speaker of the Norman dynasty and the rule or the Celtic system in Wales, Scotland Ireland and has ruled for more than one language For many years from the pronounced lexical to import a lot of exceptions (to read the alphabet and how to read a different presence of a considerable number of vocabulary), in the case of German spelling and pronunciation rules of the relationship. Oi: eu [ɔʏ]j[}B Some exceptions (example: eu to [ɔʏ] etc. pronounce) with the exception of the Roman alphabet to pronounce the street. hCcC_QB For more information phonology German to see.
  • pOiAhCc A `eiEiE^iEiicB In English pronouns, except rating does not change, but common in German noun, and it leads to articles, adjectives and subjective genitive dative accusative case for change remains. NSiAp of Ou von pAipOu^ip@IFB However, in recent years spoken of a lot of the decline of the genitive, the English equivalent of von preposition is a substitute, or use the genitive dative preposition to be used in grammar to be allowed to have been .
  • pAhCcjEEB In English, nouns are extinguished, but the German noun for men and women in the distinction between nouns neutral noun.
  • pl3lP -s (: make > makes) be SAhCc4`5p (: ich gehe, du gehst, er/sie/es geht, wir/Sie gehen, ihr geht)B In the English verb in the third person singular personal change the current-s (Example: make> makes) and the verb to be, and all except the loss, but the German 4-5 in the use of the street (for example: ich gehe, du gehst, er / sie / es geht, wir / Sie gehen, ihr geht).
  • p@ i: I suggest that you should go there soon.jAhCcLgB Decline in English, the connection method (for example: I suggest that you should go there soon.), Widely used in German.
  • p{I + + ISVO^AhCcu2ijA1i^EjAijB English is basically subject + verb + object-SVO, but the German verb in the second position (declarative sentence), the first (statement question), or the end (adverbial clause, etc.) and so on Changes. {I{+I+SOV^B Japanese essentially the same as the subject + verb + object that SOV-type. V2QB V2 order to see.
  • pAhCcgAPB The number of a compound noun in English is limited, while the German noun used in the complex are no words in the dictionary often be made.

[ W ] {W relations with Japan

[ W ] {hCce German influence in Japan.

{AmwAhCclteAwphCcpAJehCcB In Japan, when Western medicine imports from Germany also invited the teachers, with many medical terms are borrowed from German, the former medical records are all written in German. Je Karte p cardi J[h jB Karte medical records of the origins of the English card (card) is the same.

A GlM[wEwpAACUbcNVbNypi AhCcgljA sbP A UC A VtoRp A v[N{[Q A QfXL[pgB In addition, energy physics and chemistry terms, and even Einsatz and classical music terms (note the names of the German people often use the name), ice ax, rope, SHURAFU like climbing terms, snowplow, Slopes of the ski as well as the term is used. hCcI[XgA{B These are both popular in Austria or Germany was the result of the introduction in Japan. ANVbNyhCcEI[XgA[c@g A x[g[FEtyoANVbNySB For example, classical music from Austria, Germany, Mozart, Beethoven, a famous composer who produced music, classical music has been the center of it. x[g[xA{hCcB Beethoven's Ode to Joy in Japan, will also be sung in German. A{XL[I[XgAEnK[RlqB Also, skiing was introduced to Japan in the army of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Maj. Lerch.

A O~ iXSjAwpAoCg ihCcuijdvA{puAoCgv Job jhCcRB Elsewhere, Swedish (the original rubber means), and the term student working part-time (but in the German "(as a full-time) job," meaning, and is used in Japanese "part-time job," said the general Job) And is derived from the German.

A{phCcRK{fApAhCcbwKvB In this way, is used in Japanese, German, not necessarily derived from the original meaning of the word does not reflect correctly, one or more of a sense that only have been used because the German Be careful when you talk to or need to learn.

AphCcRi p^C A ug A P A Qog A QojB The old leftist term is derived from the German was (Pal Thailand, Wundt, Cologne, Gevaert, internal strife, etc.). }NX`}NXGQXA }NXe^w[QhCcO_w[QhhCcnNwhCcLqeB This is the time for the mainstream left-wing Marxism of Marx and Engels in the original, and Marx and influenced Hegel and other German idealism and leftist Hegel's philosophy and system of the German original is written in German. And the impact of a kite.

[ W ] {hCcwK German study in Japan.

hCcA A A A `eiEiE^iEiA{hCc`I1iiijE2iiijE3ii^ijE4iiijAhCcgB German, the common nouns, pronouns, articles, adjectives to the subjective genitive accusative dative distinctions in the Japanese language education in Germany, traditionally one case (nominative) case (genitive) 3 Rating (dative) 4 rating (accusative) and called the German-speaking countries, including the most-used in Europe and the U.S.. AA rw A ^_B In addition, the names of the other because there is no common language and comparative linguistics, language typology is inadvisable from the position.

[ W ] characters

pe i EEg ; Ä, ä, Ü, ü, Ö, öjGXcFbg (ß) 30gpB English and Latin characters vowel change (umlaut; Ä, ä, Ü, ü, Ö, ö) and ESUTSETTO (ß) added 30 characters to use. ßAB The ß have not come to the Head, not capitalized. EEgGXcFbg\A When you can not see the umlaut and ESUTSETTO,

  • Ä = Ae Ä = Ae
  • ä = ae ä = ae
  • Ü = Ue Ü = Ue
  • ü = ue ü = ue
  • Ö = Oe Ö = Oe
  • ö = oe ö = oe
  • ß = ss ß = ss

p\LB And the substitute is to be represented. hCc}KAßSSAßB The German lines in the manga and a lot will be written in capital letters, written in that case is the SS ß, ß in rare cases can be written. _AßMVAix[^jSApB Of course, ß the Greek letter (beta) and is a totally different character, will be substituted by more than a few things.

hCc At@xbg German alphabet
A A B B C C D D E E F F G G H H I I J J K K L L M M N N O O P P Q Q R R S S T T U U V V W W X X Y Y Z Z Ä Ä Ö Ö Ü Ü
a a b b c c d d e e f f g g h h i i j j k k l l m m n n o o p p q q r r s s t t u u v v w w x x y y z z ä ä ö ö ü ü ß ß

[ W ] C phonological

hCcC_QB German phonology to see.

[ W ] @ Grammar

hCc@QB German grammar reference.

[ W ] \ expression

b:Transwiki:hCc\WQB b: Transwiki: German representation of a collection of references.

[ W ] r Footnotes

  1. ^ Ethnologue report for language code GER ^ Ethnologue report for language code GER
  2. ^ en:German language A National Virtual Translation Center - Top Languages of the Internet A Sprachen im Internet - aktuelle Studie ^ En: German language, National Virtual Translation Center - Top Languages of the Internet, Sprachen im Internet - aktuelle Studie
  3. ^hCcM / nii,@w, 1963.2 ^ German originM/ Mamoru Tadasu by Watanabe,University, 1963.2

[ W ] A See also

[ W ] ON External links

Wikipedia


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