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m[x Nobel Prize

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m[x i XEF[f : NobelprisetA mEF[ FNobelprisenA p : Nobel PrizejA _Ci}CgmAtbhEm[x]1901NnEIB Nobel Prize (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen, English: Nobel Prize), according to the will of Alfred Nobel, known as the inventor of dynamite, 1901 is an award that started in the year. 1N1sB 1 year at a time.

m[xw@XEF[fEAJf~[ i2005.08j Swedish Academy of board of the Nobel Literature Prize (2005.08)

Contents

[ W ] Division

6AEIB More than six units, with the authority of the world. Rwm[xwAwAwEw3wh_lB Nobel Prize in Physics, especially natural science, chemistry, physiology Medicine Prize awarded in three divisions are believed to be the biggest honor in science. NwEwwAwEBB In recent years the chemistry and physiology Medicine Prize, the field is becoming increasingly ambiguous The physics of the boundary.

lAlRAx3lB Joint research and more people in the joint when the performance was recognized by no more than one person at a time may be awarded a three people simultaneously. ulvlwOAx1lB However the nature "by the results," the Nobel Prize in literature is difficult to consider an exception, the one constant has been defined as a person. A{Il^AacFAtcB The award is given only to individuals basically, the only group allowed to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded and Doctors Without Borders in the past.

2001Nz1,000XEF[fEN[iB 2001 total prize money since 1000, the Swedish krona. zA2licjSB The distribution of prizes, the winners two (group) is to split the winnings. 3licjAu1lPvu3lv1/3Au1lPA2lvPl1/2A2lc1/2i1l1/4j`B The winners of three (groups), "an award of each single person," "joint research award," If 1 / 3 were separated by "a single people, who Joint research by the award "a single person in the award if 1 / 2, the joint award of the remaining two people 1 / 2 (per 1 / 4) will get a form.

[ W ] Il Screening

IlwAwAow3XEF[fwAJf~[AwEwJXJAamEF[AwXEF[fEAJf~[sB The physics selection, chemistry, economics prize on the three sectors is Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Physiology KARORINSUKA Medicine Prize, the Nobel Peace Prize is the parliament of Norway, the Nobel Prize in literature and to the Swedish Academy. _^B The winners are to be given awards and medals and prizes.

^Am[xYm[xc^cB Resources given to the winners of the prize, the Nobel Foundation, which operates under a will that the legacy of the Nobel. Aow1968Ni 1969NjAXEF[fsB However, the economics prize in 1968, established a year (1969 awards year), the source of funds the central bank of Sweden. AuAtbhEm[xLOowXEF[fsvAm[xB Therefore, this award is the official name "The Bank of Sweden Prize in economics of the Alfred Nobel Memorial" which, strictly speaking not include the Nobel Prize.

ARlA10\_B Now, if the nature of the winners, 10 will be required to be alive at the time of Monday's winners. \A1210SA\B After the announcement on December 10 and died between the date of the ceremony to be canceled once the prize was announced.

Im[xIl\B The Nobel Prize selection process basically has not been disclosed. um[xvIAuvleB Therefore, "the Nobel Prize candidate," but that the public would not exist, "will award one day" is true that there are areas of each person. C^[ ig\EC^[jNm[xI\AN_pZoB Reuters (Thomson Reuters) have been selected as the candidate's own Nobel Prize each year, which is calculated from the number of citations of papers in recent years. m[xAJf~Y]xAKB The Nobel Prize is more likely to be in place to some extent determined by the evaluation of performance in academic, it is determined that this standard is not necessarily award.

[ W ] ceremony

Am[x1210Aa5XgbNz i XEF[f jRT[gz[ AaIX i mEF[ jssiIXwusjAA AA _B The award ceremony is the anniversary of Nobel's death December 10, except for a peace prize department Stockholm (Sweden) concert hall, the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo (Norway) in the town hall (the old auditorium of the University of Oslo in), the winners, check the prizes, awards, each awarded a medal.

m[xm[xEN`[LOusB Nobel Prize winner is usually called in to lecture and later awarded the Nobel lecture.

Am[xXgbNzwXgbNzowwwLucNsp[eB[oAw]iu^vB The Nobel Prize winner is the party at the annual round-robin groups Student volunteers at the University of Stockholm University and the University of Economics and Stockholm, the winners and wish the students all at once there is more hope for rapid progress "leap frog" that is to practice.

[ W ] wjm[x Nobel Prize for History of Science

m[xARwKRI19I~wjB Nobel Prize award in natural science as a necessity, especially in the 19 properties are supposed to trace the history of science since the end of the century. j{IPA^AlsB Basically, the history of the glorious, awarded to the wrong results, there are also no small part because of the negative and racist or.

Oqm[xRwSAFlRO[ voT ] B Winners of the Nobel Prize in the field of natural science as it is mentioned in the Western researchers, there was also a negative side as it is removed from the candidate and why the award is to be a yellow [Source required. OslA1930NChl`hZJ[E}wB The research on non-Western people in other Western countries, 1930 was awarded the first prize of physical Raman Chandrasekhar of India in the year. {lG A iUYwB Yukawa Hideki of Japan, has been awarded by The physics were alsoUYi.

[ W ] {l Japanese award

{lm[xQ See the Nobel Prize winner in Japan

{lA1kOYpGg[AB As a Japanese, was the first entry as a candidate and Hideyo Noguchi and Shiba Saburou from Sato Kita, was not awarded. kAG~[EAhtEtHEx[OARfekt]NB The exceedingly Kitazato, despite winning the Behring Emil Adolf von collaborator was the reverse phenomenon that is not happening Kita Sato was awarded the research that led to a toxin. NJm[xcAkFl[ voT ] B This article is from the Nobel Foundation, was published later in life, known to be caused by the yellow of the Kita Sato [Source required. A ROYsAETMR[^[hzA1915NElHA1926Nm[xEnlXEtBrQ^B Also, a Itikawa Atsushi Saburou Tsuyoshi and polar mountains, continue to apply coal tar to rabbit ears, and succeeded in 1915 by the world's first artificial canceration, 1926 Nobel Prize was Johannes generation theory parasite cancer was awarded the FIBIGERU. Er^~B1P~YAhCc|uEvLA1929Nm[xB Vitamin B1 world's first successful isolation Suzuki Umetarou, translated into German "world first" is not written in error and did not pay attention, missed the 1929 Nobel Prize. A 1970NVfELZpwwt[ (fullerene C60)_I\Ap_M\A 1996Nm[xA^G(Nature 384, 608 (26 December 1996))fB The 1970 Professor Toyohashi two years Osawa reflection fullerene (fullerene C60) despite the existence of a theoretical prediction, because the paper published only in English without Aya Kuni, missed the 1996 Nobel Prize, is a particular time magazine (Nature 384, 608 (26 December 1996)) also appeared.

{lGB Winner of the Japanese is the first time Yukawa Hideki after the war. 2008NA{AWAnyoB Current year 2008, Japan has produced the most winners in Asia. _A wwogA p m i Hw jA miwEw jASwB Winners at the moment, the majority are from the womb of the universities and the Imperial University, and Dr. Hideki Shirakawa (Tokyo), Dr. Shimomura Osamu (Medical University of NagasakiNagasaki University now) and add, and graduates of the national universities.

A{Zm[xA{@ 913ziAowjB The prize money received when the Nobel Prize is a resident of Japan, Article 9 of the Income Tax Law in Japan, 13, and exempt under the Home No. (However, the economics prize winnings are taxable). Gmm[xA_NA1949N1124AuoiloylOoAwpAZ|APIIv\tijv@B This is when the Nobel Prize-winning Dr. Yukawa Hideki, the public backlash is likely to be taxed on the prize, November 24, 1949, "ogift from me (from other than the personal gift from me and from individualsooof the gift from me, science, art, money as an incentive to award grants to social benefits and other cultural or charity) and a tax-free "is the result of the amended income tax law.

Name N Year Winner Division R And why
G Yukawa Hideki 1949N 1949 w The physics q\zB Predicted the existence of the meson. RrAwB Award while at Columbia University.
iUY UYi 1965N 1965 w The physics qdCwbIB Basic research in the field of quantum electrodynamics.
[N Yasunari Kawabata 1968N 1968 w Literature Prize w xAw H xAw s xiB The Snow Country, and the H, and the ancient city's work.
] Esaki 1973N 1973 w The physics glIB Found an experimental tunnel effect in semiconductors. IBMB IBM awarded during enrollment.
h Sato Eisaku 1974N 1974 a Peace Prize jOB The proposed three nonnuclear principles.
Kenichi Fukui 1981N 1981 w Chemistry Prize w_IB Theoretical study of chemical reaction process.
i Susumu Tonegawa 1987N 1987 wEw Physiology Medicine Prize lR`IB Clarification of the principle of genetic generating antibody diversity. MITB MIT while at the award.
]OY Ooe Kenzaburou 1994N 1994 w Literature Prize w Ntbg{[ xAwRxOiB The first year of football, and the green trees, burning trilogy of works.
p Hideki Shirakawa 2000N 2000 w Chemistry Prize d qWB Development and discovery of conducting polymers.
Ryoji Noyori 2001N 2001 w Chemistry Prize LG}sB Reaction of asymmetric synthesis of chiral catalysts.
r Masatoshi Koshiba 2002N 2002 w The physics Vw AFj[gmopCIjAIvB Astrophysics, contributions pioneer for detection of cosmic neutrinos.
ck Tanaka Kouiti 2002N 2002 w Chemistry Prize q\@JB Development of methods for structural analysis and identification of biopolymers.
Kobayashi Makoto 2008N 2008 w The physics jNI[N\i Ev_ jB Quark predicted generation of symmetry breaking (Masukawa theory Kobayashi).
vqp Hide Satoshi Masukawa 2008N 2008 w The physics jNI[N\iEv_jB Quark predicted generation of symmetry breaking (Masukawa theory Kobayashi).
zY Yoichiro Nambu 2008N 2008 w The physics Ij B Symmetry spontaneously. qFw B Quantum chromodynamics.
Shimomura Osamu 2008N 2008 w Chemistry Prize Fu^pN (GFP)JB Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the discovery and development. {Xgw Award while at Boston University

wiw_jB By University (graduated from the Faculty of time) the number of winners.

Rwn Natural Sciences
Am2008N_12B In addition, the PhD in 2008 at the award winners at the time in 12 years. 4AwA@B 4, or U.S. universities, research institutions while at the award.
lEwn Humanities and Social Sciences

[ W ] Gs\[h Episode

wm[xAm[xmlwB There is no Nobel prize for mathematics, theories and hate because she is a mathematician and Nobel. wtB[YB The highest award in mathematics is the Fields prize.

lB Had initially criticized the U.S. and Europe mainly because it was the winner. XEF[fB There were so many criticisms from Sweden winner.

m[xRlAu{lvAAm~l[g_ASAP[XA 1931NwGNEANZEJ[tFgA 1961Na_OEn}[VhB If the Nobel Prize is a natural winner, "survival of the person" that the award criteria are used to, if nominated alive at the time, and it is good to have died when the award decision, the case The true winner of the 1931 and Karlfeldt Erik Axel the Nobel Prize in literature, 1961 in the Dag Hammarskjold of the Nobel Peace Prize. 1973NA10\_KvASAK1996NowEBAEBbN[OSB Since 1973, have 10 are still alive at the time of the announcement, will not be killed and then canceled, pursuant to the 1996 VIKKURI William economics prize is to die before the awards ceremony not revoke the award.

m[xl2lB Others who declined the award of the Nobel Prize in the past two. Tg A EhDNEgB Sartre, the Druk LES.

NXeBA[EGCN}r^~B1wEwAGCN}rCh{fi r^~ jAh{fIUj i r^~B1 jEo~YB KURISUTIAN Eykman vitamin B1 has been awarded a prize by the discovery of medical physiology, Eykman the healing benefits of nutrients in rice bran of beriberi (vitamin) merely hinted at the existence of the fact ORIZANIN nutrients (vitamin B1) in the discovery and extraction as the Suzuki Umetarou.

nlXEtBrQKwEwAhROYB The awards for medical physiology claimed the cancer by a parasite that Johannes FIBIGERU have missed the mountain was awarded the pole Saburou Tsuyoshi a theory at the same time stimulating. NAtBrQIAKRB Later, the theory is reversed as FIBIGERU be limited, today's cancer research is to study the polarmountains.

AgjIEGKXEjX{g~[pZ@^A~B Winner of the surgical lobotomy EGASU Moniz Antonio is suspected that the technique, is now banned.

wi(Nu vo)B The literature prize was awarded so many critics have claimed, incorporating the works of western culture and the (recent correction was "round-robin continent" and some criticism). wjNwACMXEBXgE`[`uE^vIl`_A~wB The literature prize was awarded to the history and philosophy of the former British prime minister Winston Churchill "following World War II," The controversy over the definition of the target selection of the award, since it limited to serious literature he said.

aNB Peace Prize was awarded to the party had criticized the war. w[EAtbhELbVW[kxgiEhDNEgY}LxgiIpJaAEhDNEgB Was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize by the merits of the Paris Agreement to end the Vietnam WarSHITA the former secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam LES Druk North and former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Alfred Kissinger, the Druk Les refused to award The war continues. 1945NAnJ^R[fEn{JnEm[gB Hal 1945 Cordell was awarded in honor of the founding the United Nations will be presented to Secretary of State notes that Hull's determination of war the United States to Japan. alB The peace prize is often from countries who opposed the award. AhCcJ[EtHEIVGcL[ A\AAhCETnt A`xbg_CE}14 (`xbgxz)A~}[AETX[`[LB As an example, von OSHIETSUKI Carl Germany, Ray Sakharov and the Soviet Union, the Dalai Lama of Tibet, 14 Se (opposition if he is from China's dominant Tibet), known for Aung San Suu Kyi in Myanmar .

[ W ] l Notes

[ W ] r Footnotes

[ W ] A See also

Wikimedia Commons
EBLfBAERYA m[xAJeSB The Wikimedia Commons is a category related to the Nobel Prize.
Wikinews
EBLj[Xm[xAj[XJeSB To Wikinews is a category of news related to the Nobel Prize.

[ W ] ON External links

\ E b E E History Chapter talk table
m[x Nobel Prize
Division
Winners List


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