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Sewage

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EI_\B This item may not be an explanation from the perspective of the world. m[gc_LWi Template: jB I'd like to cooperate in the development of the article and discussion in the notes (Template: International).
10NKilsj Sewer pipe made of brick in the 1877's (Yokohama)

ijAssJ ij ijA n HWpro{EWAsB Sewerage (drainage system), mainly in urban stormwater (rain water) and wastewater (sewage), a set of facilities for the discharge to the waters for the public and later collected in the underground waterways, many will provide water treatment and purification.

JACw~A~CZZAHn\A nB As rain, and precipitation in meteorology, includingZKETA snowmelt and rising water temperatures~RIMOTTA snow, it is subject to the surface and the surface of what the ground water and river water is excluded .

A AAErAXzeEHHYri kjB As sewage, waste from the toilet and expression washed, and the sewage produced in the laundry at home cooking and industrial wastewater from businesses ranging from large factory factory town shops and hotels (cultivation is excluded).

Contents

[ W ] Tv Summary

JssOrAlprB I eliminated and to leave out of the way to the sewage and rainwater from the city, called the elimination of sewage to flow out of its own wastewater and sewage systems are used by individuals and businesses. IswA h~@{Anr[1]B Specifically referring to the act of water poured into the sewer, for more limited in the Water Pollution Prevention Law, the exclusion criteria by entities sewer and municipal water for the [1] will be built.

sszAXVzovxAiyXB Sewage has been spent improving the enormous construction costs as part of urban infrastructure, public works and national level require a great deal of money to update and maintenance after completion, the high trend rate of the more developed countries and therefore that.

{y2006N70ºilniAyn}B Sewer penetration rate in Japan is currently in the year 2006 about 70% to achieve the level he has become a developed country is a very big gap between the low number DEARUU example, need to develop rapid spread in the region yet are.

yssA PAVH{XVA}AxAYpND TCNiXARB High penetration rate in urban areas on the other hand, improvement of the combined sewer system, pipeline facilities and update aging is an urgent need to further question, and the introduction of advanced processCHIRE greatly Other industrial waste disposal promoting recycling and sludge to squeeze people, is still plenty of challenges still. NpQJ}B Is urgent need to respond to guerrilla frequent heavy rains in recent years. 2008NAs~Jx50mmJzvE~AQJ\J100mmB Currently, for example 2008, at Tokyo Metropolitan Sewerage Bureau, the intensity of rainfall has been laying 50mm design Tunneling is expected to rain, heavy rain will be in the heavy rains and typhoons guerrilla may be more than 100mm. iA50mmAJrBj (However, more than 50mm from the base said, can not exclude that there is no further rain.)

vf[^[AJAONB These data and statistics for both the developed and the public fairly, that are linked to an external part.

[ W ] I Purpose

IAO_B The purpose of the sewage system is mainly the following three points.

NA In addition to these recent years,

ASB Demand, becoming the leader.

[ W ] j History

jIOkB History of the sewer is the oldest dating back to BC. AHwI~KvB However, sewage purification engineering and later had to wait for the modern age.

[ W ] type

[ W ] @ Class of law

KAA@nB Sewer improvement project is large, there are differences by country and legal system. {B This is shown in Japan.

[ W ] @ Sewage Sewage Law

@i @ j`ArAH{A{A|v{{A r{A B Laws (Law sewerage) defined above, for the elimination of sewage facilities, pipeline and processing facilities, in aggregate pumping facilities and other complementary facilities, septic tank to remove human excrement and more irrigation drainage. {roDA YpB From sewage treatment facilities, and industrial waste.

Public sewer
sXnrEAsB To process eliminates the sewage of the city mainly controlled by the municipality as a rule. IPACAB And a single public sewerage disposal plant at the individual, the public sewerage catchment basin for sewage treatment to leave.
ssvsXAsXpB To the public sewer for the urban area of urban planning, urbanization control area as a rule are not available. ApB We are prepared to complement the business.
  • Sij - SPIB Public Sewerage specific environmental protection (L ring) - and to improve living conditions and water conservation. AisAjB And if a treatment plant, sewer other (public sewer or other similar municipalities, and Sewerage) is connected to the case.
  • - v2/3i HcnjAKpB Public Sewerage specific - sewage plan 2 / 3 of a specific project or more (such as industrial parks) to be applied.
  • Fg - ixWA\HjAZv]AvSiSA ssvzj[tB Development approval by the expansion - a high-efficiency improvement (in the high-density community, close to the pipeline can be connected), our residents, user fee (close to the actual cost burden, significantly higher than the equivalent of city planning tax) is subject to payment.
Sewerage
rEAIAs{i 2005N31s{jB The sewage treatment to eliminate the sewage of the public sewer, highway and ending with the disposal basin, managed by the prefectural (2005 in 31 prefectures years now). uAgB Installed along the river basin, managed by unions and corporations in addition to construction of the prefectural office. \B A breakdown of the structure and accept any type of public sewer.
J Sewerage catchment
IJrAJ{B The sewage system to filter out only the rainwater that has a place of public sewerage disposal plant, with more regulation of stormwater flow. 2003NxB 2003 added by amendment of the year.
ssH Municipal sewer
ss^h~JrHA{LB It will be built as a storm drainage system to prevent flooding of urban areas, processing facilities and open ditch in principleLSHINAI. HwzAOKZeAuvC[WB Often specify the subject and the renovation of the existing channel, or look to be in place for the rest of the residents in the small river, "sewage" in many cases I do not like the image of a call by a nickname.

[ W ] { similar sewerage facilities

LA{@p@ADpB The sewage system in the broadest sense, and treatment facilities for processing waste and septic tank process, sludge is the waste. ArIA_Wr{i_WjJB In most cases, but only intended to cleanse and eliminate waste water, wastewater treatment facilities in agricultural villages (Album of Agriculture) and is included in that project to improve storm sewer drain.

sXnOlWni W jSPIAsnZgB Densely populated areas outside the city (settlement) in which to improve the living environment and water quality, management and unions of municipal or local residents. {IH{{ArsB Sewage treatment facilities and pipeline facilities and basically eliminates the ceremony at diversion. @HrJAP[XB This is not included because the stormwater drainage and Wastewater Treatment Plant for the law, in some cases be established by merging a few.

v{H@ArAAKvzAtB How to design and construction standards, and a somewhat different business and be allowed to eliminate, in other words, the huge subsidies for the construction funds needed for development, the difference between the issue of ministries. HEsA _A AA[B Route or municipal roads were paved roads near Therefore, farm road, road, and the difference between deep and relevant.

  • _Wr{i_WjF _Y__B Rural wastewater treatment facility (collection of Agriculture): Business Agriculture and Rural Development of the Ministry of Agriculture. AvwjoB The number, some design guidelines.
  • Wr{iWjF YWB Fishing village wastewater treatment facility (Album fishing): business environment agency fishing village. `wWAB And for the hinterland village of fishing port, a bit less.
  • Wr{iWjF XZB Community wastewater treatment facilities Forestry (Forest Collection): Business Development of the Forestry Agency forest habitat. nAB That number is limited, low.

3WrA~jA_B The three also called for the collection and drainage projects, sewerage Mini, and also called the village sewer.

  • r{F_YRU_ Simple drainage facilities: Special measures of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Ministry of Agriculture and rural development
  • KWr{F KWr{ Small wastewater treatment facilities set: Development Project wastewater treatment facilities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and small set
  • nr{F si Sewage treatment facilities in certain areas: Project Development Municipal Wastewater Treatment in the Ministry of Environment
  • r{Fr{AlxB Individual wastewater treatment facilities: wastewater treatment facilities in each of the ministry and take up a system of individual septic tank kind of merger.
  • nA{iR~jeBEvgAR~vAnjFnA{B Regional waste treatment facility (plant communities, KOMIPURA, sewer district): Regional Development Project of the Ministry of human waste treatment facilities. p@B For waste treatment.

[ W ] Other

L{AWreAB Similar facilities and sewage projects in the above is subject to state aid, equipment and eliminate the sewage collection also has a variety of following up on it.

  • R~jeBEvgFsPAWZcnB Plant communities: the maintenance of the city alone, and that the housing estate and a set of specific. OqR~vx@ApWBP[XB KOMIPURA and above is that the system of law in the septic tank MONO a case of ambiguous relationship with the assistance has been mixed.
  • Q{ iKjFpuAsxB To remove more (large): The project to establish a public sewer, many municipalities have a system of subsidies. AB Suhe Ryuu for sewage water treatment, an issue that tends to be easy to control.
  • r{FpA Hh~@{u`B Wastewater treatment facilities in the workplace: the waters released to the public for direct, have an obligation to establish a more limited water pollution control act, such as factories. KxnAsLB Over a very wide range of the scale level, the situation really runs the gamut.
  • F@luKB Septic tank treatment mergers: that large corporations to set up. n][gzepKdWB The hotel and resort destinations and luxury villas in particular are set to focus on the process of user comfort.

A A{H{_{AH_B The facility disposal of human waste is very different and both are more similar in terms of sewer pipeline and there are no facilities for processing many similarities.

[ W ] r scavenging system

JrHAv\zAB The flow path to eliminate the sewage and rainwater, is divided into two species to be designed and builtRI how each is unique.

[ W ] join expression

JHWAB Rainwater collected in the same waterway and waste water, release of all the purification process. rIJnssnAssz98A96%B The metropolitan area was started relatively early development, especially in Osaka and Amagasaki extension laying enormously 98,96 percent.

  • H1{A{HeB Join the underground pipe to a pipeline so this is cheap, easy formula diversion from work.
  • ~J}B When rainfall is only simple treatment or release of untreated sewage to increase sharply. AB Therefore, the water pollution caused by sewage has been mixed.
  • tA~Jm|CgRAW\B Conversely, the matter pollution comes from the point pollution sources that are included in non-rainy early, can be cut-off collection and processing.
  • LAJrJXN[AX[iB As to the above measures, stormwater retention ponds and stormwater screen, which is promoted and the construction of the swirl.
    • }z[WaJrprEAHLCQB There are holes for drainage of rain water and eliminates gutter or manhole cover, the odor and pest problems in the pipeline. rsbg|vLB Complaints to the stench of pump operation pit especially large buildings.

[ W ] formula embranchment

JHWAJAB Collect the water by sewage and rainwater, the rainwater is intact, is the release of sewage treatment and purification. VSB The sewer system will be established by now that almost all.

  • HJ2{A{HB The storm drain and sewage pipes are buried pipeline to the two-minute, higher construction costs from joining ceremony.
  • Al|_sB Compared to the soil pipe is joined to a thin tube, it is often difficult to conduct inspections and cleaning and having people.
  • A~A EAIsB In principle, to prevent the dilution of wastewater by precipitation, with changes in water flow, can stabilize the purification process.
  • tAJRA|KvB Conversely, expected to be difficult to remove the natural sediment by heavy rains jurisdiction, need to be cleaned.
    • A~nxiNAsjAe^P[XB However, in fact, to some extent mixed with rain and ground water (water intrusion, water andSU unknown), there are many cases that affect water treatment. AJAEenNA}z[EexsB The cause of the storm drain to the wrong joint sewage pipes, water back to square underground sewage pipes damaged sewage, lack of time and the square sealed manhole cover.

[ W ] H{ pipeline facilities

rAHpCvA |vt\B And between the first and eliminating sources of waste water pipe and a pipe or conduit for water to flush, which consists of the other facilities pump.

ssHssA BRIRASA in a sewage pipe line of the city's network of veins in the city, it is a public good. pxAssZSB But once that life is dependent on the public spirit of city residents.

[ W ] W collection system

^GlM[^ARA^AAgptB Those given by the kinetic energy of water and natural flow equation, the formula vacuum pressure type into a different species and facilities to pipe used. A^B Force feed system or a separate ceremony and pressure, even with the formula and pressure type vacuum pumping and formula. GlM[@idACA@BIjB Here is how to get energy (gravity, atmospheric pressure, the mechanical power) is divided by.

[ W ] R natural flow equation

TIA dpB A classic method to flow using a gravity sewer. Hsv\rIPA~hmA[}vB Watertight conduit exact structure of the drain pipe is not required is relatively simple, while ensuring the flow rate to prevent the accumulation of debris, the design must be buried deep cut the growth lead to more construction costs. n`AeB The size of the restrictions because of the terrain conditions, significant impact on construction costs. KKKpAB Been applied to large and small, mainstream.

dW@~Aq^AIRpB The method to control the accumulation of water well and gravity, vacuum formula below, there are many cases of natural flow to adopt the partial pressure in the equation.

[ W ] ^ formula vacuum

^VXeA^WVXeA^A CA^Xe[Vi p|vjA^HAyeP^jbgi}Xj\B Sewerage System vacuum formula, formula vacuum sewage collection system, known as sewage vacuum, high airtight, vacuum station (pump relay), Road tube units for each family unit and the vacuum valve (valve cells) that consists of . ^HAXe[VrCHAB Vacuum in the pipeline, the pipeline pumping station in the vacuum, which kept the pressure as a negative. AR^jbgAB Meanwhile, household sewage from flowing into the natural flow at the vacuum valve unit, the reservoir. XCb`t[gA@BI@\d^JAHzXe[VWB And operate a float switch or pressure due to rising water levels, and open the valve mechanism is no power vacuum in the mechanical, sewage will be collected to the station to the suction duct.

Rn`EAzRnGApB The difficult terrain conditions and depend on natural flow from the ceremony, many employed in the area of soft ground at a cheaper cost of laying flat in general. AXe[VOpdKviAA^jbgmutjB Also, do not require a power supply outside the station (however, put the equipment to detect abnormalities in the vacuum valve unit). |G` iPEj^p|rj (PVC) gpAOkAB The tube type polyethylene (PE) for polyvinyl chloride vacuum sewage and pipe (PVC) pipe is used, in particular former high earthquake resistance, long life. _WEAKB And public sewage collection and special ring specialized agriculture, small business orientation.

A^0.4CxAzEgn5–6mEB However, though the vacuum is actually about 0.4 atmospheres, the wastewater pumping only negative pressure suction in the world this is the height limit of 5-6m. pAzCAd iCtjiAC1:3A4{20mzvZjB It is useless to meet, and when mixed with air sewage aspiration fluid of low-density (gas-liquid mixture) to circumvent this restriction by (for example, air-to-water ratio of 1:3 if , four times over a 20m drop can be calculated.) AHKitg\B In addition, there is a stair-like structure to lift pipeline. ^H2i1`3jzAotgW30pi100pjB Vacuum sewage conduit is generally 2 (1 ~ 3 ) and the down slope, and lift the standard of climbing 30 cm (100 cm). ARntg150mB In this case, the rift in the 150m flat to go to every other thing. tgACtttW\B Department lift the back of the flow of liquid gas is also allowing the structure and prevent. zXe[VBHSA^jbgCt@oB The pipeline also supported the bottomBSHINAKATTA sewage station in a single aspiration, we can wait for a chance of being helped by gas-liquid mixture flow valve vacuum unit. lA^HwIxZgWdgB In this way, by being equipped with a vacuum system to collect sewage using advanced techniques in water science and engineering.

[ W ] A pressure expression, the expression pumping

^|vuAe|vB Established a number of pumping water in a small pumping system to pump sewage from the home. |vjHOC_[|vpB The pump is pumping heavy grinder with a blade fracture. |vuEzpvAzRxn`}sB Require a lot of money to maintain power and installed a pump system that can respond very steep terrain, even if the highest degree of freedom spreader. IAKB In part, a small orientation.

WIv@A{HR^AIHpikmjB In a standard design, maintenance is hard vacuum at the ceremony and the natural flow and constraints on the construction, pipeline pumping adopted in part (a few km force feed system may be especially long-distance calls over ). gAPP}X{|vVXeAB This expansion, to a pumping system to pump sewage from the main squares and processed wastewater from the household unit, and pressure type sewer. }XnAHcnB And the steep terrain, flat land and have experience in the small canals that run in every direction.

HCn@A sfL@_AH_}OlVEAjE (MAP) oAI]_AIsOsB The pipeline is pumping less opportunity for air to melt the waste water, the occurrence of organic acids and hydrogen sulfide by corruption, ammonium magnesium phosphate to the pipeline or (MAP) have problems such as precipitation, into the sewage and the injection of oxidants such as ozone, are measures such as regular cleaning PIGU.

[ W ] drain pipe

JAwxwB A culvert pipe and drain rain water except for the principle of general, if the sewage, said many things are pointing to the drain pipe. HAZnzAOmFAgpA{H@NB Road and river, was laying in the basement of the house, it is difficult to check the external tube used species, age and high-way construction changes. A|AXVszNdvmFB Therefore, management and cleaning, that's laying the pipe and drain on to the update is an important finding.

[ W ] type tube

B A flexible tube with a roughly rigid tube. pgpAdrjAprlXpB The most commonly used for a sewer pipe and tube, hard vinyl chloride, according to the application of the kind used tube. I{KiiJSWASjigpiLAt@xbgJISR[hj Generally, the standard Japan Sewage Works Association (JSWAS) products are used (letters and symbols are the same code JIS)

  • drjiVUjFpuVPvAiUnpressurizedjV"U"B PVC Pipe rigid (VU tube): take the pressure of water supply for "VP tube" for, not the pressure (Unpressurized) so V "U" tube called.
    • drjiK-1j Rigid PVC Pipe (K-1)
    • drj`iK-3j Oval tube, hard vinyl chloride (K-3)
    • utdrjiK-13jFuA btB Rigid PVC Pipe with rib (K-13): The ribs are reinforced by what is close up, strong liquefaction direction on the basis of crushed stone.
    • iH@pdrjiK-6j Rigid PVC Pipe-jacking method (K-6)
  • vX`bNiFRPMjFFiberglass Reinforced Plastic Mortar B Reinforced plastic pipe (FRPM pipe): Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Mortar stands.
    • vX`bNiK-2jFRagpB Reinforced plastic composite pipe (K-2): pipe used for natural flow of large-diameter pipe.
    • }pvX`bNiK-16j}preinforced plastic composite pipe in (K-16)
  • |G`iPEjFkAHDAaNX_N^CSpB Polyethylene pipe (PE pipe): earthquake, a very good corrosion resistance, especially in class caliber Konaka adoption is growing talk in ductile iron pipe. ai250jCjVRXg_AN[bpSuvB Medium (250) shortcomings in the high initial cost more than some of the pressure tubes in Europe in recent years "mainstream" is. x|G`iHDPEjPEf@\iB High-density polyethylene pipe (HDPE pipe) and the PE pipe is generally high-performance products with different materials.
    • p|G`iK-14jFEDA^A}XnpB Polyethylene pipe for sewer (K-14): pumping sewage sludge, vacuum expression, primarily in the adoption of the steep terrain. ISOKiiB Many products are based on ISO standards. pN100NAXVLCC_oIB Life in general is said more than 100 years, including in terms of LCC update it very economical tube type.
    • put|G`iK-15jFRai3000xjAnEGihCcJBuOADj\IB Polyethylene pipes for sewage with rib (K-15): large diameter pipe for the natural flow (about 3,000), Howell tube (developed in Germany. Facades have a hollow ribs, the inside is even better in the resistance to pressure) representative.
  • _N^CSiDCIPjFApB Ductile cast-iron pipe (DCIP): a lot of experience in water supply and sewage systems are used in most species pressure tube. ACHjAhiB However, many accidents in the vapor phase corrosion damage pars and tube, shifting the focus on internal coating products. HdHpN20–25Nxi40NjAkEh~DNS^yB Corrosion and electrochemical corrosion lifetime for this is 20-25 to improve to the extent (in the water supply in 1940), with excellent anti-withdrawal to improve earthquake-resistant NS is also prevalent type.
    • _N^CSiG-1j Ductile iron pipe (G-1)
    • iH@p_N^CSiG-2j Ductile iron pipe-jacking method (G-2)
  • SRN[gFaSB Reinforced concrete pipe: large diameter pipe from the center. @A ZgUioCRjA Si q[ jASSRN[gB The formula, by the vibration of the cement firm clamping (BAIKON) and by the centrifugal force (tube Hume) are categorized into two, the latter is called centrifugal reinforced concrete pipe. oCR`AKiiq[DB BAIKON is easy to respond to the specific shape and beat the field, as the superior standard Hume pipe. iuny vBixiAVFAj (Promised at the cartoons "a clay pipe carrying a vacant lot". Generations by rapid economic growth to improve its sewage system was a familiar sight fact, Hyundai's share of the pipe was much lower )
    • SRN[giA-1j Reinforced concrete pipe (A-1)
    • iH@pSRN[giA-2j Reinforced concrete pipe-jacking method (A-2)
    • SRN[g`iA-5j Egg-shaped reinforced concrete pipe (A-5)
    • aiH@pSRN[giA-6j Reinforced concrete pipe jacking method for small diameter pipe (A-6)
    • iH@pKX@SRN[g iA-8j Glass fiber reinforced concrete pipe jacking method (A-8)
    • tSRN[giA-9j Reinforced concrete pipe with two (A-9)
  • WRN[gFq[ZgsOa |GXeB REJINKONKURITO tube: whatETA the unsaturated polyester resin cement pipe Hume. Zg\\A_AAkB And it reflects the difference between the performance of plastics and cement, strong acids, and difficult to wear, high earthquake. y{HHZkIB Can effectively shorten the construction period for lightweight construction. AB Water-tightness and high smoothness of the inside. ARiB The one good thing after another, and of course price.
    • WRN[giK-11j REJINKONKURITO tube (K-11)
    • iH@pWRN[giK-12j REJINKONKURITO for pipe jacking method (K-12)
  • iZ~bNjFgpAt{HaHAPVCyB Ceramic tube (ceramic tubes): from the early Meiji used in small diameter pipeline construction in hard-to-masonry brick home and in particular the mounting pipe, PVC was the most popular to the tube. nYUADpDTCNAvB And promotion of local industries such as pottery Tokoname, as the recycling of sludge and ash, there is a demand in today.
    • `iR-1j Clay oval tube (R-1)
    • iR-2j Ceramic tube (R-2)
    • iH@piR-3j Tile pipe jacking method for (R-3)
  • FC[WA vLXgRN[giB Other: the image away from the tube, and precast concrete products.
    • {bNXJo[giJo[gjFflp`ZAHgB BOKKUSUKARUBATO (culvert drain means): The rectangular box is a short section of commonly used and under the trunk road. lpuvB The square "cabinet drain" is also called.
    • A[`Jo[gFfA[`^AJ}{R^Jo[gB ACHIKARUBATO: arched section, type KAMABOKO culvert.
    • ZOgFV[hH@gpAB Segment: Methods used in the shield, part of the tube wall.
    • `A{HiH@jB Special case of deformed tube, construction sites (cast-in-place method) in some cases.

[ W ] zH@ laying method

A{HzB Sewage is not limited to, called a spreader to narrow construction equipment. H@A[B The technique is wedded to a particular kind of pipe.

JH@ Open cut method
{H@AjB The most basic method of construction and long history. JH@BJH@B The method is non-shaft cut by open cut method.
n|A@aB Tiles driving the first steel sheet pile to the ground, creating a trench between the excavation. ZgbAgsB Crushed stone and cement foundation to build on the bottom, where the drain pipe to the assembly. AzA_AHzs~B Tube type, laying head, the most flexible in the circumstances, when laying down the road is the longest period of range and closed. AHJH@B This highway in heavy traffic, there are many things for the non-open cut method.
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