Chinese

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EBLubNXAB Wikibooks Chinese textbooks and related documents.

EBNVi[B UIKUSHONARI to the Chinese items.

ijA ViE`xbgA laE i p jA VK|[AWAA { A AJEeElbB Chinese (Chinese language), a Sino-Tibetan language family belong to the language, the People's Republic of China the Republic of China (Taiwan), as well as Singapore and Southeast Asia and Japan, the United States and other countries in the world of overseas Chinese Chinese people Spoken in between. MlXubNuEvB Guinness Book of World Records, according to the "world's oldest living language."

eViE`xbgAcA ^CS A BkA^CAbA@lB The Chinese dialect of the Chinese-Tibetan language family belongs to China on the basis of ancestral language, Thai languages and the languages of the south, such as Mongolian, Manchu and the northern Altay language pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and differentiation, incorporation of features It is believed that. A A AP (Columbia University Press, 2004) Ak i bj~AxA^CKIAPIB The characteristics, the tone and language isolated, single-syllable language to be cited (Columbia University Press, 2004), modern north (common story), a former generations later, a significant extent, not necessarily because of Altai Isolated words, is not a single syllable.

Language name

B Chinese in China and called on the Lord. Euv_AuvAu vAB Is a multi-ethnic and multilingual country, "the Chinese language" in terms of minority languages, "Chinese" can not IENAKU, "Han Nationality of the language" in the sense that the language Chinese call May. wpIgB This is commonly used in the academic field. A bB The Chinese, and China about how to make a call. iFhCcjAmAEbwbiF qb jB By the way, the Chinese language in the statement and the letter I (for example: German Dewun), with no clear language character sets, the languages or dialects spoken in conversation, when talking to that point (for example: Hakka Story). A OqgiF 閩 A jB In addition, both the language used in the above-mentioned (for example:閩 language, language).

j History

(The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1997) (The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1997)

Ancient Chinese

i IO15I – 2Ij Ancient Chinese (15th century BC around - 2 centuries around)

• `b i 1899NjgB Kanji is the original form b (1899 discovery) was used.
• @IdvsC`AnB Grammar plays an important role in the affix or particle non-qualifier was the formation of the decline will be late.
• liB Personal pronoun in the case. qcB But now some of Hakka language and to remain.
• A qScB The literature around the houseqhundred books about the remains.
• iqjq sl-, pl-, kl-i: uv*klamj B Voice mother (onset) double consonants sl-, pl-, kl-(Example: "Corporate" * klam) and the present.
• qLxiFuv *gnisjB was rich in the coda (Example: "Two" * gnis).
• ^CISSVO^B Order the Thai-full-SVO. i: s z v uvzjBv SVO-Adv : R v czR sB S-Adv-OVj ({A1978) (Example:vYue Wu losses "inWu Yue beat her husband." SVO-Adv modern language: Oh Jae-husbandmilitary defeatscVietnamese troops shot AFP. S-Adv-OV) (Hashimoto, 1978)
• u^CI - `e- LB Yin Thai until a noun - the adjective-noun order and normal - proper noun order. i: uh j ({A1978) (Example: Yin of the Emperor Shin lap Mu of Baekje) (Hashimoto, 1978)

Chinese Mid-Term

i 3I – vj Chinese medium-term (three centuries around - Song Dynasty)

• `SAen`dB Qin unified the country, spread throughout the language of Nakahara said.
• 2nA EeBB Two-syllable phrases, verb-noun in the development category.
• pnA IB Verb use started to disappear, isolated words and will take on characteristics.
• A EAWAu vInB At that time, East and Southeast Asia in the "international language" was in position.
• EmElElyoB Du Fu Korea and the great poet, literary produced.
• AKIB Chinese font that is unified and normative has created a. A AAA@AKIgpiB In addition, test, pronunciation, style, grammar and norms that promote the use of language.

Modern Chinese

iAAj Modern Chinese (former generations, Ming and Qing Dynasties)

• bA@ALB Vocabulary terms, in terms of grammar, and broadened the gap between written and spoken. ALB Ming from the Ch'ing dynasty, the widely-spoken language novel to be written.
• kSA^CeB In former generations and Qing Dynasties language north of the Altay language greatly affected.
• uLvpB The end of the original particle spoken of their "Yes" is the versatility.
• sktSiB Beijing was the capital of the words of the further unification of the Chinese.

Contemporary Chinese

• hv i 1911N jOu b vu vB Chinese Revolution (1911) about the "Mandarin" to "Mandarin" to the designation changed. ppA {yY}kpAu b vB In Taiwan, but the name has been passed down, but in mainland China since the Communist Party of China Beijing dialect to adopt a simplified version, a "normal," and againMETA name.
• 1917NA KStuvij uvi b^ jLA wvNB In 1917, Hu applies mainly to the written language as "literary" (language statement), "colloquial" move to try to change (in a colloquial style movement) has spread, literary revolution happened. Gw VN xDvw Q` xLB Jin-Soo and Germany's new youth and Lu Xun's `Q Alishan's famous.
• 1919NEl^AA WywB 1919 54 Movement, a growing nationalism, China's standard language to further accelerate the adoption took.
• laA@pB China, as the orthography Simplified was adopted.

bz Speaker distribution

lI12lAA 2lgpAElbB Chinese first language and who has generally said that about 12 million people are, and as a second language for about 200 million people are using the world's most spoken of the population is Is the language. AA k i kjLB i jC izjAbA@AbA i t jBAvarIeB Even if the Chinese, for example, Mandarin (Northern language of) and Guangzhou (Cantonese one) and Shanghai (distributed in the eastern part of Wu-language one), pronunciation, vocabulary and differ only in In addition, due to differences in grammar, and to direct the conversation is very difficult, the common written language (written language) has been developed to communicate to write letters to be relatively easy.

Language variants

z The distribution of Chinese

eu vgDi jAbbs\B Each of the Chinese "dialects" in a common letter organizations (Chinese characters) but has a different dialect speaker with a large mutual understanding through dialogue, in fact close to impossible. AbwZgu b voCKB Thus, in the dialect speaker will be used in education and broadcasting a "normal conversation" with bilingual and often are.

c_AwB There dialect of debate and division, is divided into a number of scholars are different. A ]ki A ]OjAku k viW jAn (Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2004)B In the second classification, the Yangtze River in the north-south line, word and the almost equally (Nantong, Zhenjiang, such as an exception), from the north and west of the inland area, "Northern language" (and Jin words), the other from Southern dialect region Can be categorized as (Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2004). A k ijE ijE贛 ijE ijE閩 ijEq ijE ijAW ijEJ ijEb ijl\B In addition, the north (northern) Wu () 贛 (dry) (commercial) 閩 (bottles) Hakka (peppermint) (Vietnamese) and divide the seven major dialects, and Jin ( New)J(I)b(peace), an independent think major dialects are the major dialects. AQB Other categories are fixed by a small group of dialects. EthnologueAij14 (SIL International, 2004)B Ethnologue, Chinese (Chinese) and 14 languages are classified as (SIL International, 2004). LqbLMXhKB The following are described in the Chinese dialects of the nine, excludingbof Kyrgyzstan Dong-gun language is a plus. A 閩閩kE閩E閩E閩E莆B This case, 閩 the word閩k 閩 language word閩 language閩莆language is divided into five languages.

W Standard language

vaeA laA{WA kEb@u b v (pǔtōnghuà) `ASiIASl7xjA WEB Of the people to facilitate communication, the People's Republic of China, the central government's standard policy, Northern language spoken in modern novels vocabulary and pronunciation of the grammar was made on the basis of "ordinary conversation" (pǔtōnghuà) by obliged Education is incorporated in the performance of the younger generation is increasing (typically, about 70 percent of the population is said to understand), the standard Japanese language is becoming. pA{s{{u v (guóyǔ) iubv\bj`sAp A q A ZwKB In Taiwan, after the defeat of Japan took Political Rights Republic of China government's "Mandarin" (guóyǔ) ( "ordinary conversation" with nearly identical to mutual understanding is possible that differences in voice and vocabulary) of compulsory education and have However, now the Taiwanese, Hakka and aboriginal languages and the learning time has been set up.

Seven major dialect

1. k i bj Northern language (Mandarin dialect)
   1. kk ikAkbj – kEk i kj Northeast North China dialect (North China dialect, Mandarin North China) - North China Northeast (Beijing)
   2. k ikbj - k i jA hK Northwest dialects (Mandarin Northwest) - Northwest (Shaanxi Province, Xian, etc.), Dong-gun language
   3. ibj – i l sj Southwest dialects (Mandarin southwest) - Southwest (Sichuan Chengdu, etc.)
   4. ] i]bj – ]i ]h j Jiangdialects (Mandarin]) - Jiang areas (Jiangsu, Nanjing, etc.)
2. i Cj Wu (Shanghai, language, etc.)
3. 贛 i Bqj 贛 (Nanchang language. Hakka language and close)
4. i j (Changsha language, etc.)
5. 閩 閩
   1. 閩k 閩klanguage
   2. 閩 閩language
   3. 閩Ep 閩language Taiwanese
   4. 閩 閩language
6. q iqj Hakka (Hakka)
7. iLj Cantonese (Cantonese)

\ Ten dialect

c_B The following major dialects of a separate dialect and should be discussed with Ward. I[XgAlAJf~[w@wAgX (The Language Atlas of China)x[B Australia and China Academy of Social Sciences and Humanities by the atlas of the Chinese language (The Language Atlas of China), this compilation is in position.

1. W - k Jin language - in the seven major dialect word belongs to the north
2. J - J - seven major languages belong to the Wu dialect in
3. b - b - seven in the Cantonese dialect belongs to a large

hK Dungan language

hKACAbbA@kA Lp\LA VALMXpAgpAB Dungan language, phonological, basic vocabulary and grammar of the language from the north and a variety of opinions, and Cyrillic characters, represented by the Russian and Kyrgyz language and borrowed from many different countries to use , To separate language and opinions.

C Phonological

B Chinese is tonal language. qB The difference between the low and high-syllable sound of the consonant and vowel in the same way as a means to distinguish. ig[jB The tone (tone). Au b v {ma} `fy 19 iA2001jB For example, a "normal," said morpheme (ma) in the light voices, including a 19 (Matsuoka, 2001). A A z A A lyASB But behind, positive, the upper tone, tone and four light voice, so not all the similar-sounding.

Example

• Aij - _ imā; j – behind (kickoff) - Ma Zhu (mā; Mom) - High level
• zij - imá; j– qYang (second voice) - Hemp (má; hemp) - shape up
• iOj - n imă; nj – } Upper tone (The Third Voice) - Ma (mă; horse) - low
• ilj - l imà; lj – }(No.l) - l (mà;lRU) - a sharp drop
• y - 嗎 ima; ^j – }gAO Light voice - 嗎 (ma; particle of doubt) - instead of inflection, tone of the previous height changes

\L Notation

njB System of Chinese characters is a common Chinese characters in the history of the old. A eAt@xbgA \B Chinese, China's own character, the Latin letters of the alphabet, unlike syllable characters are ideographic characters. GepipAsKA `AKvAoI|I]esB Kanji appearance of a large and complex components used to read and irregular, heterothallic Chinese characters and many types of righteousness, so that takes a long time to learn, have a bad economy and efficiency of purpose and From a negative rating, such as Latin characters to migrate to the idea. N`laxgip~B In fact the DPRK and Vietnam, was abolished in Chinese characters.

1956NAA\B Mainland China in 1956, less, reading and composition to enhance unity in simplified Chinese is introduced. ASygp{`A VK|[ij\LpB Simplified, used in China that is mandated by the central government, Singapore and Chinese (Chinese) to be used for conventions. Ai p jA ` A }JIA{IO ipjgB In response, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Hong Kong, Macao, the basic script to maintain a simplified the previous Traditional Chinese (Simplified and Taiwan also claim the identity) is used.

EAIEZpjIoARs[^SR[hEZbgni GB 2312 A Big5 jgpB Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese and culture technology in the history of the political history of the computer in the whole process is not compatible to another character code character set system (Simplified zone = GB 2312, Traditional Chinese-speaking = Big5) has been used. 1`AtAu 头发 ijvuvAu t itjvutvEFuTCgy[WB Simplified to Traditional multiple characters, rolled into a form that can be taken, Simplified Chinese opposite to convert from a Traditional Chinese, "头发 (hair)" and "Fat Head" and "cup dried (toast ) "To" stem cup, "the wrong kind of conversion from mainland China Traditional Chinese version of the page of a website and seen a lot.

Ala1956N拼 isCj[}\L@B In addition, the People's Republic of China in 1956 Chinese拼measures (pin-in) that Roman law was enacted. sCA 1977NA3nWcn[}\L@A 1982NISO[}\L@pB This pin-in in 1977 of the United Nations Third Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names in the Romanization of Chinese law as a place name in 1982, the ISO in the Romanization of Chinese was adopted as law. AsCAOliljwKB In addition, pin-in, foreign (especially Western) to help learning Chinese. ipjA LpIB Republic of China (Taiwan), the Note Issue notes called pronunciation of Chinese characters by using symbols to indicate the general reading. p[}\L@AlEA拼AB Romanization of Chinese law in Taiwan, various methods devised so far been proposed, and also introduce Chinese拼, but has not been uniform.

@ Grammar

`i p jAdvB Declension (use)JIZU, to interpret the meaning of the word order important to be decisive and isolated words. pIB By the way English language is also isolated. {SVO^B A basic word order SVO type. AkucvuvIi\A SOV^A PB However, the modern language and literary north, "c" and "Cheaters" and the objective in view, SOV-type can make a statement, sticking a word is approaching.

Example

• W@F 图书馆书B Standard language grammar: Books馆we书away. Wŏ qù túshūguǎn kàn shū. i}s{Bj Wŏ qù túshūguǎn kàn shū. (To read a book to the library.)
  • C@F 图书馆书B Shanghai-language grammar: Books馆we书Dao. ngu to dousucuoe choe su chi. ngu to dousucuoe choe su chi.

A{OEB In modern language, like the Japanese before and after the verb auxiliary particle and coming to the end. AXyNg ij\A_eB\B For example, take a verb and Grow aspect (complete) represents, and get to the end modality represents.

\@JeS[B Back to the Chinese tense representing the grammar category does not exist. AXyNgAuviju 过 viojuviisj\B There is one aspect in the verb "Grow" (complete) "过" (experience) "dressed" (in progress) will be represented by a set.

• V电e@B Tian Yuan us away last电eAFP.

A i`B The case is due to the lack of paradigm is characteristic of isolated words. A`eiB Therefore, in the Chinese nouns and adjectives is to prevent changes in the ratings. iB The order indicated by the case.

1lPl u v (wŏ) Examples of the first person singular personal pronoun "we" (wŏ)

• 过B 过our country away. i i GsBj (Nominative; I have been to China.)
  • CF 过B Shanghai words: China, we Dao过away. ngo to Tsoncué chicoughé. ngo to Tsoncué chicoughé.
• 妈妈让w习B We study our习让妈妈. i Ii GBj (Objective case; mother to study with me.)
  • CF 妈妈让w习B Shanghai words: 妈让our studies we习妈. ngoghé mama gnian ngo ghózí. ngoghé mama gnian ngo ghózí.
  • p: My mom made me study. The same word order in English: My mom made me study.

b Vocabulary

{IPAbB Basically Chinese monosyllabic language, the vocabulary of modern language section of the compound are increasing. \LgpB Used to describe the Chinese kanji character used in the first syllable.

Example

• ijiā; j House (jiā; house)
• izǒu; j Travel (zǒu; walk)
• idà; j Large (dà; large)

OIpAPB With some exceptions borrowing, and in monosyllabic words have no meaning.

Example

• ibōli; KXj Glass (bōli; glass)

{PAKRI``B The original Chinese language is monosyllabic, inevitably ambiguous language and homophenes a lot. AkAuvu vAuvu S vAu@vu @q vm ({A1981)B Because of this, especially in the northern language, the "eyes" "", "ears" "ear lobe," "nose" "her nose" and other sections of the compound and a clear sense that (Hashimoto, 1981) .

AP`fA2n`B In addition, a similar sense of monosyllabic morpheme side by side, two-syllable form of the idiom that. A u w viwjsC (xué) \LA`5i wAA噱A踅A泶 jAuwv2u w习 v (xuéxí) B For example, the verb "Science" (learn) a pin-in (xué) and will be represented, with 5 as a homonym (University hole,噱,踅,泶) or more, "learn" the meaning of To make clear the two-syllable word "习Science" (xuéxí) can be.

iTAje Chinese (classical languages, including various dialects), was strongly influenced language

• { Japanese
• N Korean Linguistics in Japan
• xgi Vietnamese
• ` Zhuang
• y[ See words
• Ix ixGj ONBE (BEE words)

A Related Items

EBLyfBAB Chinese version of Wikipedia. EBLyfBAB Chinese classics version of Wikipedia. LEBLyfBAB Cantonese language version of Wikipedia. 閩EBLyfBAB 閩language version of Wikipedia.

EBLyfBAB Wu language version of Wikipedia. 閩EBLyfBAB 閩language version of Wikipedia. qEBLyfBAB Hakka language version of Wikipedia. JEBLyfBAB Kang language version of Wikipedia.

• hJeXgEBLyfBA Kang Dong-language test version of Wikipedia
• BeXgEBLyfBA Wikipedia Teochu test
• eXgEBLyfBA Wikipediatest
• HSKi 汉语l试 j HSK (试汉语considered horizontal)
• Note Issue notes
• 拼 拼
• 拼 Chinese拼
• p拼 拼class
• EF[h Wade ceremony
• OL\L Used in foreign proper names in Chinese
• { Japanese
• N Korean Linguistics in Japan
• xgi Vietnamese
• Kanji
• hK Dungan language

ON External Links

• f[^x[X database of Chinese dialects
• The Language Atlas of China iwAgXxj The Language Atlas of China (Atlas of the Chinese language)
• FNNwIT Isao Iku: the division of China's five major dialects of the language ofTchronology
• L[{[h Chinese keyboard

Ql Reference

• Columbia University Press (2004) , " Chinese " in The Columbia Encyclopedia (2001) , 6th ed., Columbia University Press. Columbia University Press (2004), "Chinese" in The Columbia Encyclopedia (2001), 6th ed., Columbia University Press.
• Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (2004) , " Chinese languages " in Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (2004) , Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (2004), "Chinese languages" in Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (2004), Encyclopædia Britannica.
• Microsoft Corporation (2004) , " Chinese Language " in Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia (2004) , Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft Corporation (2004), "Chinese Language" in Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia (2004), Microsoft Corporation.
• SIL International (2005) , " Ethnologue report for Chinese " in Ethnologue (15th ed.) . SIL International (2005), "Ethnologue report for Chinese" in Ethnologue (15th ed.).
• u [ et al ] (2001)wNETxAOB Ji Sakae Matsuoka [et al] (2001) Dictionary of the Chunichi Crowns, Sanseido. ( ISBN 4385121753 ) (ISBN 4385121753)
• V [ et al ] (1996)w{xA1AAXNApp. 159 - 160B Takeshi Misawa [et al] (1996) for the first time Japanese education, and one volume, Ask, pp. 159 - 160. ( ISBN 4872170660 ) (ISBN 4872170660)
• The New Encyclopaedia Britannica (1997) , 15th ed., 32 vols., Encyclopaedia Britannica. (set ISBN 0852296339 ) The New Encyclopaedia Britannica (1997), 15th ed., 32 vols., Encyclopaedia Britannica. (Set ISBN 0852296339)
• {Y (1981)wwx, CX. ( ISBN 4-469-21086-2 ) Mantarou Hashimoto (1981), Hyundaiw, Taishukan. (ISBN 4-469-21086-2)
• {Y (1978) , w^n_x, O. Mantarou Hashimoto (1978), The theory of geography, language typology, Kobundo.