y Strings

oT: t[STwEBLyfBAiWikipediajx Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Wikipedia),

y iji yjA h^U yB Strings (original instrumental) (with y) is a general term for the instrument to sound and vibration of the strings can be obtained by stimulating some strings. UAuAguB To obtain the vibration of the strings, equipped it with confidence and a string tension, often with equipment to expand the sound resonated with the sound is.

yw yB The taxonomy instrument called idiophone strings.

[ W ] o out of sound

A|A@Ah^AUB Pluck the strings, scraping the strings with the bow or vines, or by tapping the strings, strings and provide a stimulus to get the sound vibrating strings. h^AyACyAyB The stimulus provided by the way, plucked string instruments, stringed stroking can be classified as a stringed strokes.

y Plucked string instruments: B Pluck the strings. AwAAi`bAvNgjgB To flick the finger nail, or changes (Yoshi Kinoe, PUREKUTORAMU) use. A M^[ A GNgbNx[XoB Koto, guitar, and thus a sound basis Electric.
Cy Strings stroking: |B Rub with a bow string vine. @CI A |A z[ injoB And his violin, his Chinese fiddle, matouqin (matouqin) colleagues and thus make a sound. |nCgACB The bow is a vine with large friction like the tail of a horse hair, and increase the friction by pine resin. iAWFjA|_CB Fang koto Korea (AJEN), some scuff bow instead of a stick of wood.
y Strings strokes: B Strike a chord. sAm AyAayB Piano, and percussion, some come to this part of the traditional Japanese musical instrument. A n}[ A B The hit the strings, hammers, and clubbing.

At@KyACy@CIyyeos`J[gt@i RgoX |s[ygIjAy@ot@B However, theset@are not necessarily fixed for each instrument, the violin is a stringed instrument of the genus, for example, stroking it witht@pizzicato sound playing like plucked string instruments strings (a contrabass If you use in popular music is rather common for me), the koto is a plucked string instruments havet@hit the nail sounder hit a chord. OUyIAM^[@yIoAOAuvuvAuY[vIFoZ@B The shamisenwith other percussion effects are complex and skin tone as well as the vibrations of strings, percussion and their effect on his body hit the guitar, shamisen and koto "hand pickpockets" "emery nail" it, and scrub with a string of nail "Zoo" is a sound technique and sound effects. AA`FoAsAmyAyB However, cembalo, piano and string instruments are not common, is classified as a keyboard instrument.

yAyAUigjB The string instruments, wind and differences determined by the height of the sound of resonance, the vibration of the strings soundTARU (frequency) determines the height of the sound. U`Ay1g\B Vibration of the strings in general is a nonlinear phenomenon, with many stringed instruments such as: proximity to a well by the wave equation of dimension.

$\ frac (\ partial ^ 2) (\ partial t ^ 2) u (x, t) = \ frac (T) (\ sigma) \ frac (\ partial ^ 2) (\ partial x ^ 2) u (x, t)$

Ay[AEB At the ends of the strings of string instruments has been fixed, must satisfy the boundary conditions below.

$u (0, t) = u (l, t) = 0$ $u (0, t) = u (l, t) = 0$

A Solution of differential equation is generally

$u (x, t) = \ sum_ (n = 1) ^ (\ infty) C_n \ sin \ frac (n \ pi x) (l) \ cos \ omega_n (t-\ phi_n)$
A However, $\ omega_n = \ frac (n \ pi) (l) \ sqrt \ frac (T) (\ sigma)$ A $C n, n$ B $And, C n, n$ is a constant dependent on initial conditions.

\B Represented. cosB Appears as the sound of this solution is part of cos. U This frequency $f_n = \ frac (\ omega_n) (2 \ pi)$ gaAn=1gAn=2,3,cg2 { A3{B The sum of the wave, n = 1 fundamental waves, n = 2,3, ... and the first two waves of harmonics, corresponding to the third overtone. {yFvfB Harmonic ratio of these elements will determine the sound of a stringed instrument. {UB Fundamental frequency of the string is given by the following formula.

$f_1 = (1 \ over 2l) \ sqrt (T \ over \ sigma)$

f : g ( wc ) f: Frequency (Hz)
l : (m) l: the length of the string (m)
T : ( j[g ) T: tension (Newton)
: P ( x , kg/m) : mass per unit length (line density, kg / m)

AU A AP iAxjAXB This frequency is the length of the string, the tension of the strings, the mass per unit length of string (the thickness of the strings, the density of the string) by the changes to get the sound of these high multiple How do I change it. HvB That the following ideas to that end.

UXB Changing the length of the strings to vibrate.
XB Changing the tension of the strings.
B Put on a different chord in pitch obtained.

yA1@XB Stringed instruments, many of them from the noise by changing the height of more than one way. A GNgbNM^[A6{AUZw tbguAti `[LO jB For example, the electric guitar, a string of six different high-tension, a device called a fingerboard and fret to shorten the length of the strings to vibrate and pull the strings when played next to (the choking) change the tension.

[ W ] dg The theory of resonance

yACCs[_X}b`OAUB The stringed instrument, because of poor impedance matching of acoustic strings and air, only the vibration of the strings are not only a faint sound. AUCCs[_XAUiUj`CtApB In order to increase the volume of sound, vibration and acoustic impedance of the string of air, it was consistent from another body vibration (vibration) to give the radiation in the air, used the principle of resonance, so to speak.

yuvuvB Most stringed "body" is to achieve resonanceRATA "resonant body." ` The shape is divided into

PKxisAmAoW[j Membrane filled with tension for a single plate or moderate (piano and banjo in part)
JioCIAM^[Aj Hollow box of the holes (genus violin, guitar and harp)
i Oj Closed hollow box (Shamisen)

A2wIB Will be the first two species are the geometric phase is the same. sAmPuvB The resonance of the piano as a single board "sound board" called.

`gsUALA\B The shape of the resonant body is keen to avoid a resonant frequency of a particular resonance in order to smooth broad range, which consists of flat and surrounded by a curved surface. [g E[hB In the oud or lute, for example one side of the plane ishemisphere. RgoXABI[cAB There is a double bass a plane back to the rare, this is a relic of the genus viol, and now many of the surface. M^[\AIU}\iu[VOjU_U}B The guitar is a side plate of the two sides of the plate is a flat surface, and structure to reduce vibration in the inner part of the body and (bracing) to attempt to disperse the resonance point.

AyAA@A`AdAiAye^B Sound emitted from the resonant body is usually a big part because of the volume of the instrument, material, dimensions, shape, finish, and how the joints and other components, have a major impact on the quality instruments. AKxAHAvAeAgAOvgB The material of the resonant body, inside a modest loss, ease of processing, durability, ease of obtaining many of the combination plate or sheet of wood trees, some animals like the shamisen have been used in the leather. lB The resonant body is considered to be of drums.

[ W ] Class

ywIASy\B Taxonomically instruments, the instruments are classified in the structure and the resonant body. yqB Each instrument contained below.

y| - p|_[B Arcus easy - which tied the strings tight on both ends of the curved rod-shaped arch.
cB^[ - iRUxjB Genus zither - on top of the resonant body (away from the body can relate to the degree of freedom vibration) are filled with strings.
- 2{AnAB Genus lira - the body making the two pillars of resonance, passing the pillar between the rungs, the strings are tightNOnext to the body and resonance. ASB And what are the main body resonance, but that together with the whole body resonance.
n[v - [A_tA_B Genus harp - on the edge of the resonance slender body, with a rod or the characters, the strings are tight between the rod and resonant body. x[x_tOp`B Triangles and tend to stick with a letter of support across the Tame Kuni support.
[g - tAB Genus lute - attached to the bodyresonance, the strings are tight on. [A[Bat the end of the string, and many other end to connect to the resonant body. AB If you can put on a stringwill help hold the strings to change the pitch. ALyB The call may havestring instruments.

[ W ] \ Structure

[ W ] Strings

({uv) Aayu vAAAriKbgjAAAv_A@i iC jgIB Strings (originally ""), the traditional Japanese musical instrument, "thread", ancient, silk, sheep casing (GATT) have been made to the material and now, homogeneity, stability and durability in terms of synthetic fiber (nylon) is to use a common chord. sAmi1{80kgdjA|i ~[WbNC[ jgB The piano is a very great tension (a book about the average weight 80kg), steel wire special (Music Wire) use. pAiC|ce[vB For the string bass in the wind a tape of metals such as copper wire around a core of steel and nylon to make the mass. GNgbNM^[dCydsbNAbvUEASjbPgB Electronic instruments and electric guitar strings, so pick up vibrations in the pickup electromagnetic usually use strings made of iron and nickel.

[ W ] R[XAj]A Course, Unison, string condensate

AKKvB Will be posted at more than one string, you put all the height of the sound is not necessarily different. 2E3{AtB 2.3 covering the sound level of each side by side, sometimes playing together. gj]Aj]R[XyB Unison and the good people in this group, called the instrument of course by the number of unison. }h2{4R[X8yB Mandolin, for example two of the four courses of 8-string instrument. sAmi88jR[XA11R[XA21R[XA31R[XB The piano keyboard number (usually 88) the only course that, in an ultra-low range is a string course, in a low tone strings course is in range of a string of three other courses.

A2{2xIB This can increase the volume, and slightly off HAJIKOU at the same time and two for the purpose of singing.

[ W ] resonant chord

t\AeAtLcB Many are posted on the floor and table string playing, it does not play a direct boost to enrich the sound reverberation and resonance to the sound of the strings of a particular performance. V^[ A Tbh A T[MAChyBAAWAyAmyBI_[ymB Sitar, SARODDO and SARANGI and instruments developed specifically to India, and many instruments in Central Asia, some are known to have a sympathetic string instruments and other instruments in the western VIORADAMORE. sAmAn}[@isB In the modern piano, is a commercial product@KANAI a resonant chord with a hammer. yAtB Instruments that have no resonance in the string, string to release the strings played with the same resonant chord.

[ W ] ~E reel stop feeding

[yA~ie[s[XjB Fixed to the end of the string instruments, stop feeding the connecting part (tail piece). OA|ijB Shamisen, the Chinese fiddle(feeding sounds).

A_tA_iyOjB Meanwhile, wrap the bars, the peg was to change the tension by turning the pole (peg). ayAA]ijA]fijB In addition to the traditional Japanese musical instrument bobbin, thread, hand-rolling (natural gift), transferf(cakes) and called.

@CI~ Stopped and started the violin chin addressed	M^[e[s[X Tail-piece guitar	NVbNM^[ Classical guitar peg	@CI Violin peg
RgoX Double bass peg	JO Bobbin of KAYAGUMU

M^[tbgtJgyARgoXyAtEH[MAg@BgB Many instruments and use the open string or fret with guitar as a high tension of the string instruments like the double bass, with a worm gear is easier to tweak to increase the stability of the tune during performance Using the mechanical.

[ W ] Aij pieces, columns (koto)

@CI Violin pieces

M^[B Guitar under the bridge. ~ The closest stop feeding

dqM^[ Pieces of electric guitar

ri`jAUmuKijiiubWjB Holding the strings in the middle of a string (in fact, could push up from below), maintain the proper spacing between the strings to limit the length of the string vibration (for multiple strings) piece parts (bridge) that . AOtB Pieces will be pinned on the front of the cord and reel. tAU`dvB Number of pieces on the board dead body and resonance, especially with the work of conveying the resonant vibration of the strings in the body. uvAuvB To the peg, "", the body "under the bridge" that.

GNgbNM^[AueuCgl[Vv@\B And electric guitar, you can fine-tune the length of the screw for each string and the strings under the bridge "intonation" Many of the mechanism. AuvAIvlvAtbguSIB This is, by increasing the string tension of the strings muted when "How extended" for slightly different depending on the thickness and material of the string, match the design value ZEZU effective string length, located in key high-fret To compensate for that gap is on the whole. Cgl[V@\Aiwj@\B Intonation mechanism, high-strings (strings and fingers away from the plate), which often combine fine-tune the mechanism. eiACgl[V@\AAtbg|WViJjmtbgAu tbgs vB Inferior products, machinery NAKATTARI intonation After all, beyond the range or the shifts in pitch, but there FURETTOPOJISHON (open string, for example) and others fret and tune the exact pitch in out on the pitch when muted, so-called "illiterate fret" There is so.

AcQ|AdvXeBbNAy`pB To pieces, and wood and bamboo box, such as cattle bone or hard plastic, hard materials are used to transform light and low internal loss. GNgbNM^[AUI`KvAL@\eApB And electric guitar, and it must tell the body AMARIMAI active vibration of the strings, in order to facilitate the adjustment mechanism described above, are used under the metal bridge.

[ W ] w fingerboard

URZAwAwB In order to shorten the length of the free vibration of the strings, which hold the strings and the change in finger nails and a string fingerboard bear down on the plate. [gyAlbNijwB The genus lute instrument, the neck () which are often integrated and fingerboard.

[ W ] tbgAiij fret, column (lute)

M^[tbg Guitar fret

wwAwUzB Strangle the strings with the fingers and the fingerboard, to absorb the vibrations of the strings are finger. B This is significant in a string of high notes repellent. AwUAwtsB Therefore, to avoid the finger directly to the vibration of the strings, will be mounted on a piece-shaped fingerboard. tbgAM^[B And I fret it, and the guitar has. tbgyAtbgUwB The instrument with frets, hold the strings with the fingers across the fret no vibration. i In the lute Pillars ( Time ) B .

[ W ] AfE mouth effects, f-hole

CTTA vent to the resonant body One dead ( Hibiki entrance ) B . Fe^B Greatly influence the tone. [gM^[1~`~`B The lute and the guitar is a circular or oval in shape. @CIf`E2A fEB The violin is a genus in symmetrical f-shaped holes with a 2, f called hole. il`AuvB The same is true of the half-moon-shaped lute, "half-moon" calls.

[ W ] sound post

@CI Violin sound post

@CIyA\A`U`B The genus instruments violin, and the pillars on the floor of the main spirit behind the board table and give back to the vibration of the strings from the bridge was reported.

[ W ] u[VO bracing

M^[A p\tAi3mmjALUUFB The guitar, paste the block of sound behind the plate, thin (about 3mm) and sound reinforcement plate to the mellow sound to disperse eigenfrequency.

[ W ] T touch mark

i iyijA O A V^[ A^u[AyAtbgAAUGur[voB Biwa (Japanese lute remove), shamisen, sitar, and LA Thumboo, instruments, frets, and the pieces, when you mention some vibrating strings "Bean" have to have a sound mechanism. {uvAChuWvuWvB In Japan it is "touch", in India "JAWARI" "JUWARI."

[ W ] p Terminology

[ W ] J open string

wyAwJB Hold the instrument to change the sound of the strings with the fingers, the open string that is not holding a finger. @CIytbgyiwUzjFABu[gAgpTAAwoAALA}IwgpB The instruments do not fret as other instruments of the violin genus (the vibration is absorbed by the finger) or a different tone and timbre, it is not over VIBURATO, but may be withheld from the use, as sound, Hold your finger than sound, the greater the volume, so that some of the rich sounds good, and sometimes to specify the intended use. obnt`FgiA5`FtOA4`FtA{5JgpAJB Later in the work of Bach's unaccompanied cello suite, and five with the assumption that playing the cello strings, this contemporary 4 and trying to play the cello in the strings, should not be used to open five second-string It will be hard.

tOayAJKvpB Conversely shamisen and other traditional Japanese musical instrument, often laden set on a major scale to the open string. AtALB By doing this, and easy to play, which help to enrich the resonance. lAmyBI[B Similar examples are found in Western musical instruments such as the viol.

[ W ] A `[jO tune, tuning

AiJjB And to change the tension of the strings in the bobbin, (open-string) to set the tone pitch.
wAy{@A XR_gD[B And directed by the composer, to work with a different tone and method of the original tune instruments, SUKORUDATOURA. @CItAOB The family of a violin is playing the same tune in every song in most cases, the koto and the shamisen is a type of tune. rB Very many songs on the way to change the tune. M^[AW`[jOgA`[jODtB The guitar is tuned to the standard used in most cases, many prefer to tune anomalism player. A XeB[M^[XCho[gUAaijJAM^[tB The guitar Steele to change the length of vibration of the strings with the slide bar, the pitch of the chords (not pitch) and the same since the open string, in order to play the guitar, different tune.

[ W ] `[LOA choking, hand press

t@Bt@change the height of the tension of the strings to change the sound. yAAcB The instrument, or next to pull the strings, or push vertically.

[ W ] s`J[g pizzicato

iyyAjt@B (Plucked string instruments are not instruments,)t@pluck the strings. yM^[AubWwuAUA|c|ct@B The guitar is a plucked string instruments, place the palm of the little finger on a string or near the bridge, by limiting the vibration of the strings, the sound of thet@POTSUPOTSU cloudy.

[ W ] Bu[g VIBURATO

ht@Bt@swing sound. whAAA|AySuAAFAAB With shaking fingers and hold the string, string length, tension, each of the arch, by changing the position of the entire instrument, pitch, tone, sound intensity, how to change little by little sound. Bu[gFB VIBURATO will be heard often as a change in tone. Bu[ggpAI^As`J[gt@B The use of VIBURATO, given the ring to the sound of space, pizzicatot@can lengthen the duration of the sound somewhat. AAsyB The width of the pitch can be reduced is not the unpleasant tone. ayjAXuhvB In traditional Japanese musical instrument is slightly different nuances of meaning is "shake".

[ W ] sordino

@CIyAtA FaA B The generic instrument is violin, with the pieces sordino relieves the sound, may weaken the strong sound. OuEvpB The shamisen is a "bridge to swallow" for a piece of sourdine.

[ W ] nyj History of the stringed instrument and its broad geographic regions

[ W ] m Western

cB^[ Genus zither
- cB^[ - I[gn[v - Je - _V}[ - cB^[ - cBo - `Fo - sAm - vTeE Zither - Autoharp - kantele - Dalsimer - zither - TSUINBAROMU - cembalo - piano - PUSARUTERIUMU
n[v Genus Harp
- n[v - GIAEn[v Harp - Aeolian Harp
[g Genus lute
- [g - }h Lute - mandolin
- M^[ Guitar
- AyW[l ARUPEJONE
- BI[ Genus viol
  - BIE_Eub` - BIE_[ - BIE_EKo - RgoX BURATCHO da Viola - DAMORE Viola - Viola da Gamba - contrabass
- @CI Genus violin
  - @CI - BI - `F - RgoX Violin - Viola - Cello - Double Bass

[ W ] m Oriental

[ W ] { Japan

cB^[ Genus zither
- - - - Koto - -- Taisho harp
[g Genus lute
- i Biwa
  - yi - i - mi - Fi - }Oi - Japanese lute -i- blind priest biwa -Fi- biwa Chikuzen --
- O Shamisen
  - O - O - O -shamisen - inshamisen - shamisenfine -- O Line 3 ( Strike out )
- | Chinese fiddle

[ W ] yt for string orchestra

yt iXgOXEI[PXgjAyt``tywB For string orchestra (string orchestra) and the point that the songs are played in a form or its ensemble of string instruments. A@CIyB And strings here, refers to a generic instrument violin. A @CI A BI A `F A RgoXB The violin, viola, cello, will be organized in a double bass.

yt`M^[I[PXg A }hI[PXgB Form the ensemble of stringed guitar Orchestra, Orchestra and the mandolin.

[ W ] Ot three-song ensemble

]A lyOyn O A A |OAywB Edo era, the shamisen isnOstring instruments and professional musicians belonging to a blind spot this way, koto, called the song three collectively Chinese fiddle, pointed to the music. OtOtB Ensemble music ensemble called the 3 by 3 songs. A~QAOAAsA{|tsB Bakumatsu, since the Meiji into the shakuhachi, and now the shamisen, koto, often done in the organization of the shakuhachi, There is also a Chinese fiddle with the original ensemble.

\ E b E E History Chapter talk table I[PXgy Instruments of the orchestra

y Woodwind	sbR - t[g i Ag - oX j / I[{G - R[O iCObVEzj - I[{G_[ - ogI[{G Piccolo - Flute (Alto - Bus) / oboe - KORANGURE (English horn) - oboe d'amore - baritone oboe \vj[mNlbg - Nlbg - oXNlbg SOPURANINOKURARINETTO - Clarinet - Clarinet bus t@Sbg - Rgt@Sbg / TN\tH[ Bassoon - Bassoon Contra / saxophone

y Brass	z - gybg i sbR - Ag - oX j - g{[ i Ag - ei[ - oX j Horn - trumpet (piccolo - alto - Bath) - trombone (alto - tenor - Bath) Rlbg - Oi[`[o - [tHjA - `[o Cornett - WAGUNACHUBA - euphonium - tuba

y Percussion	eBpj / ObPVs[ - ButH - AeB[NVo - VtH - }o Tympani / glockenspiel - VIBURAFON - antique cymbals - PHONE white - Marimba oXh - XlAh - Vo - ^^itj - gCAO - XCx - ^o / `[u[x Bass drum - snare drum - cymbals - tam-tam (gong) - Triangle - SUREIBERU - tambourine / CHUBURABERU

y Keyboards	sAm - `FX^ - `Fo - IK Piano - celesta - cembalo - Organ

y Strings	1E2 @CI - BI - `F - RgoX / n[v The Second Violin - Viola - Cello - Double Bass / Harp

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