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w Biology
oT: t[STwEBLyfBAiWikipediajx Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Wikipedia),
w iA p : Biology jRwB Biological Sciences (biology, English: Biology), biological and life behavior, to study natural science field. L`w_wpwEwA`bw i w jwB In a broad sense Medicine and Agriculture and Applied Science and Arts and Sciences also includes a narrow definition of basic science (physics) refers to the part. IpB In general, in the sense of the latter are often used. `wwiq#uwvuwvQjB As a synonym of life science and biological science (see below # "biology" and "life sciences").
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[ W ] Tv Summary
lwEwIB Biological diversity and universality of the phenomenon of life to understand the purpose of life science and biological science. A qwu Eq vA wu xvLB That the size of the handle, a molecular biologist at the "cell in the molecular behavior from the" ecology "of biosphere-level phenomena," ranging.
wGMVAA AXgeX@B Budding biology of the ancient Greek at the Aristotle to the present classification of organisms such as law. AMVAwC_EI_IA_Rw{IB However, the biology of the ancient Greek vitalism teleological, and the perspective of a modern natural science is basically being negation. wnA 17IwvoRw~A wnB Genealogy of modern biology in the 17th century scientific revolution of Natural Sciences was established through a modern and later the Natural History as one of the region will be started.
wB_@B_AL@\G@BB Modern biologists, materialistic or mechanistic take the position, biological organic compounds and other substances were composed of a complex machine that regard. _IwtB In theory, all life phenomena of physics can be described in words. vf`LRA`GEnAGnlWB One by one to clarify the elements of reductionism is valid but the situation still exists, the reduction of complex biological phenomena in an attempt to understand the limitations are understood to have started, so the biological complexity System as a way of dealing with the idea has been developed.
wAqgB In biology, and a special human species as a cover. AXgqgAYAAwqgdvSB However, our own human, and the study of health care and industry, and is related to human biology research is important in a high interest. uwvqgS`B "Life sciences" to the understanding of the human heart and is defined. w_bAplvB The results of biological research in medicine and agriculture to provide basic, applied to human beings in terms that bring big profits. wAYoCIYA ITYWs`A oIdvuB Industries related to biology, biotechnology industry is called, IT industrial development along with a large market and the formation and economically important also to be located. wmZpA IEIeB Knowledge of biology and technology related to the increase in life as the foundation of the ethical and social consequences have also attracted attention.
Portal:w A wL A Category:w A wjQB Portal: Biological Sciences, the list of articles on biology, Category: biology, biological Humi Satoru see things.
[ W ] w Biology Research
wARwlALEE_wI@siu_v@__wjB In biology, and other natural science fields, as well as this experiment theory and scientific method will be done by the research (where the "theory" as a methodological point of the theory). AAA`B These are not independent, and a series of related research and shape each other.
LA@bAnsB And listed the detailed observation will be based on the foundation is to reveal the event, research started at the most. `wI@AE\@AAQmLB Species order to identify the morphological observations as well as other experiments, make the operation of state and the cell structure of the observed phenomena occur, and under conditions of physiological measurement of biologically active substances, and thus decoding of the genome is also described .
lIoA@EA@\`IB To manipulate the experiment by adding different from normal conditions to create, and then to observe the changes observed in the biological mechanism inherent in trying to clarify the positivism of effort. RUA `q AA@gB Mutation induction, and gene transfer, experimental transplant, using a variety of methods. wwB Modern biology is the nature of biological experiments is strong. wI@A mFAKvB Experimental manipulation of the scientific method, based on controlled experiments and reproduction, such as confirmation of the subjective test of the need to be removed.
A ixwAlXf[^pAr\_B Meanwhile, the evolution and biosphere research ecology level as the experiment is difficult to prove by a variety of observational data and paleontological fossils and used by comparing theory and structured and try to explain. oCICtH}eBNXcf[^A_Av[`d_uB The bioinformatics to integrate data and trying to understand the case, focuses on theoretical approach. sO\zA@K_B Before testing a hypothesis to predict the results stand, or to interpret the results of abstraction and universality and the rule of law will be found or is part of the theory. _d_u_w AfpwB Such a theory focused on the areas of theoretical biology, using mathematical models to the field of mathematical biology and call. xAwIKwB These highly abstract areas, so that the hierarchy ofWARENAI biological in nature.
V@_A~f[^Rs[^zVXe\z\Ap[^V~[VVXewoB As a new methodology, based on the data stored on a computer to build a virtual system to understand the structure, or to change the parameters simulation to test alternative systems biology have also emerged.
[ W ] `Gn and the reduction of complex systems
20Iqw~AA`qE^pN@\`IAv[`B The emergence of molecular biology in the mid-20th-century later, in the surrounding areas, a focus on the function of gene protein reduction was mainly oriented approach. @AB This technique is more powerful than theKIKASHI variety of biological phenomena. AqxgA]sGA`EB However, according to the molecular level that only a combination of the activities and behavior of the brain to understand complex phenomena such as graciously, with only a marginal reduction policy that has been known. AwI`X|oA21IGnI[~NXVXewAv[`B This is also reflected in the reduction of physics out of commitment to the principle of the 21st century life into the complex system treat it as OMIKUSU and systems biology approach and is also popular. A l`IwwAnGAGnS_VB On the other hand, biological diversity and deal with traditional ecology in biology, biology is a complex system of theRIDASU was self-evident, so that the whole theory of complex systems is not new. wAlmA QmB Both of biology, biological diversity and universality of knowledge about the genome are associated with analysis.
[ W ] p_CVtg major paradigm shift
wp_CEA iA `qA DNA \ A QmvWFNgB Biological paradigm is changed to increase the cell's discovery, evolution proponent of the gene suggests, DNA determines the structure of the genome project and have achieved. EQmvWFNgZpiAi`ql[@B The discovery of cells and the genome project is mainly brought about by advances in technology and the evolution of the individual and the discovery of genes are largely a result of deep insight.
17IEA A A\PFA wAwwaB In the 17th century was invented microscopic detection of cells, microorganisms, including the discovery of animals and plants from one unit consists of the same structure that will be recognized, zoology and botany as the top of the field of biology To be born. RAEEA NB The theory of spontaneous by the denial of any resulting cells from existing cells indicated that the origin of life on the big issues still unresolved clarification has led to the present.
i`[YE_[EBlw19ITOB Evolution by Charles Darwin and by several of Natural History in the 19th century concept that was proposed. oI@IAAA`lA`AwEB Until then, the empirical religious, the species has been fixed, but now the same trait among the species diversity and the changing character of organisms that are kind of Is difficult to distinguish between what is the point. Plll\AN\e[}B Diversified from simple organisms, such as that currently there are various organisms that can think and study the origin of life and to be able to theme. i_vze^Ap_CVtg1B Social and ideological theory of evolution is also a major influence on the modern one of the most significant paradigm shift.
`oImB Inherited from a long experience in itself was known phenomenon. A19IA fG`@Ao\qA`qB However, the second half of the 19th century, Mendel testing cross from the laws of inheritance discovered, after a generation factor to be isolated, or gene proved to exist. FA20IO`wEEwAF`qSmi FQjB In addition chromosome is found, in the first half of the 20th century by genetics research from the cellular chromosome to be a carrier of the gene was dated evidence (chromosome theory). TI`wWAqwaB In the process of classical genetics in the development, but also led to the birth of molecular biology.
1953N A WF[YEg\ A tVXENbNA XA^p_`DNAd\B In 1953, James Watson and Francis click them, X-ray diffraction from the results, reasoning by using three-dimensional model genetic material DNA double helix structure, he said. DNA\Aqw\whB Clarify the structure of DNA, the molecular biology of the biggest success of the structure of the school. I2{qt\fA Fz`JjYAqwIWB Two complementary strands of the molecule to reverse the spiral structure of a model for the chromosomal distribution by the genetic mechanisms described nicely, and the subsequent explosive growth of molecular biology.
QmTOA`aB Genome is the concept of a species in the genetic information was advocated as the summation. Qmgenome`qgeneA\-omeB The genes Genome gene and the word genome, representing the whole of the suffix-ome is a compound word. ZpWQmvWFNg\AQmAw_S_AlB Technology developed by the genome project, enabling genome research, theory and the overall reduction in biological theory, universality and diversity have come to associate with the role. Qmrl^AIqL^AXS_\B Species genome comparisons between the universality and diversity gives a clue to understanding, reducing to a study of factors that give the finite nature of individual research in a holistic able to tell the . lXni I[~NXQjB A variety of other research has already begun for the overall (OMIKUSU).
[ W ] w the future of biology
wRjwALwB Biology was part of the natural history period, subject section of biology. wAB Modern biology, is the subject of experiments. AQmveI[~cf[^Rs[^AwB And in the future, such as genomic and proteomic research and data are stored in a computer to process, close to the principle of life from biological information science that may be subject. }Rs[^sA@ZpAV@ZpWiB And the rapid speed of computers in parallel experiments and observation techniques, such as the discovery of new analytical methods and technology development will proceed.
wce[}N Aqg_S A nOB Left on a big purely biological theme of the origin of life, the human spirit and mind, extraterrestrial life, and others. NNiAB That have already occurred and the evolutionary origin of life, can not reproduce the experiments. AwIEwIiEjaB However, biochemical and biophysical life (cell) is attempting to recreate the birth.
qg_SAGwB And the psychology of the human spirit, too complicated beyond the scope of biology. A ]wiA_@A SwE_wwAWB However, brain science and research goes, the spirit of the laws of physics can be described in the psychology of psychiatry and biology, than at present may be closely related.
nOAwe[}AwlB In addition to the global problem of whether life exists, but not the theme of biology, many of the biologists said. AfAqTiAAdve[}B However, Mars and other planets and satellites in the search progresses, the discovery of traces of life and that if one of the important themes will be. FwQB Astrobiology see.
Aw_wpdvB In addition, Agriculture, Medicine and the importance of the application to the future it will also increase.
[ W ] w other areas of biology
wAe_E@_E__B Various disciplines of biology, the particular methodology can be classified from the standpoint of theory. e_A@_@A_wB Depending on the particular study, the approach methodology, the theory of a universal theory on the name of the field. Ax3AXIB However, one of the areas, a varying degree all three have the same nature, the classification will be a convenience.
[ W ] e_ particular
we_AnwIKw2B The particular biology of the organism's systematic classification and hierarchy of biological axis of the big two. OA\IA w A Aw A w3B If the first depending on classification, a typical field, zoology, botany, microbiology of the three. nB According to the classification system and more fragmented. AwwwB For example, in the lower end of the zoology and ichthyology and entomology. AEldB In these areas, biological diversity and specificity of the flow is important.
AAwIKwA\IAqwEw A Ew A w A sw A wi}jB On the other hand, the size of the target, that is the axis of biological hierarchy, it is a typical field, molecular biology biochemistry and cell biology, developmental biology, animal behavior, ecology and others (Figure ). wQQwAQWwAdXwCmwAnwpB Biological ecology group by the size of the population ecology, and ecology are divided into the crowd, a place that if you want to focus on forest ecology and marine biology, polar ecology and also used the name. wIKwfIAB The biological hierarchy for the cross-classification of organisms, and organisms are looking at the universal. x2B Individual level at the shaft as the border that separates the two. _Axqwe`IXAxS_IXB From this point of view you look at other areas, dealing with individual areas below the level of molecular biology of reducing the impact of the strong trends in the field of dealing with individual level is more holistic trend. wAEwA2lcB Developmental biology and animal and plant cells in the field of science, considering the two axes of space and its easy to understand.
[ W ] @__ theory and methodology
@_e_KvAWK{B In particular the field of methodology was introduced as necessary, the actual development of research is required to make. _IEI_e_B Abstract theory of universal comprehensive to provide a particular perspective.
@_AwB Most of the old methodology, to handle classification of biological taxonomy. wbAiB Classification is the foundation of biology, evolution and research clues. `I`ANqw@qnB Traditionally, the focus on the physical description were classified, but in recent years introduced the technique of molecular biology in molecular systematics is on the rise. wwI@AqwDNAg@_B The chemical method of biochemistry, molecular biology, DNA methodology used in the operation. q`wt`wWQmvWFNgoCICtH}eBNXAV@_rB Molecular genetics and reverse genetics has evolved from the genome project and bioinformatics, as a new methodology in the limelight.
w_A `wiw\IB As the theory of biology, genetics and evolutionary science is the representative. `wA `q@\I@@_B Genetics, the function of genes that indirectly observed in the methodology. `i_AIxc_A_wKvsB Genetics and evolutionary theory, practical discussions at the level yet, but in general require a biological basis is essential.
[ W ] E the boundary areas to be ambiguous
20IAe@_AedB To enter the 20th century, each in their own areas and methods to study the subject in a different perspective, was the only duplicate content. A20IqwIWZpWAAEAXIEIB However, of late 20th century, molecular biology and the explosive development of microscopic technologies and development of the area of research is even more fragmented, but they obscurity of the boundaries and names for convenience in the field of subjective Have not been. ACuwvgA`q`wqw A`qww AEEw A gDmdgw AAB For example, the newt's leg to play and study the "biological play" with the name, even threatening to play the genes of Genetics and Molecular Biology, the chemical nature of genes that produce biochemical, and playing cell The behavior of the cell biology, the organization is exactly how to play developmental biology, and other related areas. oAu`wvTIAu`wvu`wvB These circumstances, "to study" a classic name, "to biology" and "to science" often change.
[ W ] wA and the related field of biology
wA`wWB Biological Sciences, in various forms and other related fields. TOA_A@we^RwAWwwB Concepts, theories and research methods in biology and in terms of influence in the field of natural science, has been developed to physics and chemistry are. qw~weB In particular, the impact of molecular biology to physics after strong. wwEB Biochemistry and biophysics and the perimeter of these areas can be. pwwww A UwA wwAA _ww`wa^AIvwB In the Applied Science and Medicine in the biochemistry and physiology, anatomy, zoology and developmental biology in relation to the Agriculture in the breeding studies in genetics to contribute to the birth of the modern and in the process of statistical inference of the building. A wRwbwe^AwWc`wxwITOA@pB In addition, mathematics, natural sciences as the foundation of biology is affecting, in particular mathematical biology and population genetics and other advanced mathematical concepts and analytical methods are used.
NA QmveI[cf[^KvA oCICtH}eBNX iwjw@_A Qm~NXveI~NXpB In recent years, genomic and proteomic analysis of data obtained from the need to handle the bioinformatics (biology and information science) in the area known as information science and methodology have been introduced, genomics and proteomics is used in. AVXeIVXewWB Also, to understand the phenomena of life as a system with the aim of systems biology is the development.
weB Mutual influence biology and there are also many areas. w_owAA nwZpLB In terms of the theory of ecological economics with a strong connection to the earth science and observation technology sharing. eAsIB The effect of these, rather than a one-way reciprocal.
lwnA RNwNw A @_wNw AwwLB Humanities in the field of natural philosophy is a field of philosophy of biology, the methodology of science and philosophy, to study the ethical aspects of life ethics and biology and is subject to share. wjwjAwjB History of science is a field of biological history, the study of the history of biology.
weA_wvzB Many biology from the affected areas, the theory of sociology and social thought. _[EBAKn[o[gEXyT[A G~[EfP[AAB\vflil@_B Darwin and lived in the same period, and survival of the fittest is the originator of the word, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, the changes in society, especially in the development and specialization of components of biological diversity considerations echoes the theory of evolution TATETA hit. wwmAXyT[AweAweB Their studies in sociology and a lot is known, except for Spencer, biology affected by the amount of the biological impact is limited. A^t@[_A }[VE}N[nfBA_~vY_ALmB In addition, social life as a metaphor to describe the other theories, the Marshall McLuhan of the media and by Tadao~ of the information industry, and many are widely known.
VXe_TColeBbNXAwA_\zB System theory and cybernetics, by biological clues to the understanding of life, and changes in order to build on the general theory. wVXe_e^B It also studies the social impact of social systems theory.
[ W ] wpIC the application of biology and social responsibility
wmZpppA oCIeNmW[HwB Knowledge of biology and technology used in the field of biotechnology or bioengineering called. `qd_u`qHwA d_uHwB Focuses on genetic manipulation and genetic engineering that may occur in the process if the emphasis is also known as engineering and development. wpYoCIYAITsA x`[XaB The results of biological industries to take advantage of business biotechnology industry is called, IT and must have the momentum in the market, and venture firms are following the birth. AJwNB In the United States, researchers at the University of entrepreneurs often. `q A Epw A ^ iSNPsj pI[_ChQmnB Gene therapy, stem cell regenerative medicine, one-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using order-made medical and genomic drug discovery and has attracted attention. _{YAoCIeNmW[AxbdvB Biotechnology in agriculture and livestock-related is alive, it is important to support basic research. {AWB A lot of government and corporate funding, and encourage development.
pPvAwIB Applied to the brilliant contributions to the field and at the same time, a variety of modern biology ethical problems. QmA`qA N[ZpAZpB They genomic information, genetic engineering, cloning technologies, such as the foundation of life wrought by technology and information involved. AbA y[NB These benefits in clinical medicine on the other hand, discrimination and neglect of life and serious social problems are causing. wB Such a challenge Bioethics will be treated by. A`q`qg iGMjei `q jNAc_sB Also, produced by genetically engineered crops genetically modified (GM crops) the environmental impact of (genetic pollution) have been raised that issue, and discussions are under way. AljNA l}B Between Modern and Contemporary, by the activities of human destruction of the environment occurs, biological diversity is rapidly lost. wsAwItf[^AnlMgKvB Observations on the biology and scientific support to the proposed based on the data, or about ecosystems and biodiversity, such as the right to information efforts are also needed.
wglXAwIAInlc_[AICB Modern biology and that the people who are engaged in pure scientific research, as well as ethical aspects of such a discussion and reflection on the social responsibilities that are required to serve.
[ W ] uwvuwv "biology" and "life sciences"
BiologyAu vMVίς (bios) utE_vός (logos) B Biology of the word "life" in Greek means ίς (bios) and the "theory of language," meaning ός (logos) was built from. KF u_bni1800NjAGR gBkXi1802NjA WoeBXgE}N i1802NjpB BURUDAHHA KF (1800), GR TOREVIRANUSU (1802), Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1802) was used to separate them by. wlXLwWAwl`B A variety of biological organisms that are listed classification Natural History also shows that the development, so that the biological diversity of organisms that have a tradition of trying to understand.
A w ( Life science ) w ( Bioscience , Biological science ) A qwaVB Meanwhile, the Life Sciences (Life science) and the Biological Sciences (Bioscience, Biological science) the word, molecular biology and the birth of the newly created. SutvDNAqwAfwB Common to all creatures, "language" of DNA that provides molecular biology, and every field of biology has been fragmented in the process of being integrated. VwtpB The new life sciences as the word was used. wdASwlwRwezAqgSwwB Life in the life sciences with emphasis on universal phenomenon, and even scientific psychology and human implications beyond the scope of natural science and human studies with a focus on integrated science to be. AwwL`LdAB However, life science, biology and a broad range widely interpreted to overlap, either real split in biological research can be difficult. uwvAuwvuwvgB "Biology" and the meaning of the change with the times and, often, "Biological Sciences" and "life science" used in the same way.
[ W ] A See also
- wL : AB A list of articles on biology: a list of related words.
- w : wB List of biologists: the list of prominent biologists.
- m[xwEw : m[xwEwXgB Nobel Medicine Prize physiology: the awarded the Nobel Physiology and Medicine Award from the list.
- w Unsolved problems in biology
[ W ] Ql References
- J. Ci[h=X~X wwx IX 1990N0510oISBN 431400536X J. Maynard-Smith, the encouragement of biology Kinokuniya May 10, 1990 publication ISBN 431400536X
- wgwTx gX 1996NISBN 4000800876 Ryuuiti Yasugi Written and other Iwanami's Dictionary of Biology, Iwanami Shoten 1996 ISBN 4000800876
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