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Modernization
oT: t[STwEBLyfBAiWikipediajx Source: Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia (Wikipedia),
i jA IB Modernization (modernization) is that the state of modern society. SYOB The premise of the industrial society. E`E{`E`xB Involves the various systems and phenomena of rationalism and democratic nation-state capitalism.
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[ W ] Y Industrialization and Modernization
AYSAAIEIESIAwB And modernization, as a center of industrialization, and other psychological and social politics was involved, pointing to different changes in the overall. YA j[gwvwZpnIEIpAYRg[\A{i18ICMXnB Industrialization, using the cumulative systematic results of science and technology since the scientific revolution of Newton, is the process of increasing the ability to control the production environment Tsutomu Hazime, the earnest 18 United Kingdom's second half century started. YvB Is a revolutionary industry, so to speak. A[bpkAJ`A 19I20IVA A {A20ISEB Eventually, the movement spread to continental Europe and Northern America, from the late 19th century between the 20 century in Russia and Eastern Europe, have joined the movement that even Japan, the 20 th century and it was all over the world.
[ W ] Western modernization
16I17I[bpA C^AOm[ A O\NenAAyLA RACOioA AnLB 16 from the Century 17 in Europe for centuries during the war and Huguenot war Italy, TSUDZUITA the war in various parts of the war and 13 years, meanwhile, is expanding the territorial power, ready to arms and finance, and overseas expansion, spreading colonies. AVB Meanwhile, Anderson is the new international order. EFXgt@Ai jAA @OA [AtB Treaty regime Westfalia (state system of sovereignty) is that, where countries claim sovereignty, conduct negotiations and diplomacy equal and across the religious and cultural differences, the rules of war, the balance of power HAKATTA. AEFXgt@AA _[}eMFA I_XCXFB The Treaty of Westfalia, Riyou Kuni each of the Roman Empire is sacred is recognized sovereignty was recognized officially as an independent in Switzerland and the Netherlands.
[ W ] I_u Independence and rise of the Netherlands
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15InvXuNA JX1EtFy2XyCl[fg17B1568N\N i| 1648N jB 15 Riyou Tokoro home Habsburg centuries since, a Carlos Felipe II 2 Nederland was annexed by Spain through a period of time in the 17-year war in the 1568 10 8 from (- 1648) began.
16IOCMXtXJgbNXyCxAl[fglMJ@hMZASCZ iHjB 16 Spain's support for Catholic of France and the United Kingdom in the first half of the invitation to confusion, among the nobles and merchants of dependency is the penetration of Nederland, who believe Carvin, they GOISEN (beggar) was called. XyC{YA AJlxDHhthoB Spain begin with the home industry is weak, the wealth acquired in the Americas is that leaking the Flemish wool industry flourished.
\NuAXyC1587NGskv_@B Outbreak of war in 18 years, Spain for 1587 was an opportunity with the defeat of the Armada's downfall. EC1581NA O\NEFXgt@Ai 1648N jeFI_i l[fgAMa jB The world held the command of the sea instead of 1581 and declared independence in the Treaty of Westfalia 13 years after the war (1648) The Netherlands has been formally approved by the independent countries (countries Nederland Federal Republic of) or .
aI_1602NI_ChA W A X}g A bJAnA fA_o^BAui 1619N jB The Netherlands took the Republic to the 1602 establishment of the Dutch East India Company in, Java, Sumatra, and place the Molucca colonists, engaged in extensive trade in incense, placed BATAVIA bases (1619). A p[[fBA i 1624N jAkj[AXe_ i 1626N A Ch1621N jA AtJP[vAn i 1652N jAAWAZCR{ i 1656N j_COgB In addition, Castle ZERANDIA in southern Taiwan (1624), New Amsterdam of North America (1626, India Company West 1621), Cape Colony in South Africa (1652), in South Asia in Colombo, Island Ceylon (1656 ) to expand overseas bases and forces. AXe_X{[bpEZssWB Amsterdam which was developed as a financial city of commerce on behalf of Western Europe up to Lisbon.
^X}mTi 1642N ` 1644N jA{1609NuA 1639N|gKDq~i j[bpBffB South Pacific exploration by Tasman (1642 - 1644) was done, to put Japan in 1609 mercantile establishment in Hirado year 1639 prohibited q ship of Portugal (completed in isolation) since Europe is the only trade monopolized the trade in a pair of Nagasaki as a country.
[ W ] CMXcYv Industrial Revolution and the United Kingdom parliamentary monarchy
COhGUxXpA XRbghX`A[gWF[Y6COhiWF[Y1jB In England it is not the successor to the Virgin Queen Elizabeth, James's home Stewart from Scotland 6 led the world as the king of England (James I). A _McA 1621Nu cRc vNB However, Congress and the King is a believer in the theory of the divine right of kings and often conflicting, 1621 to the year, "protest of the Congress" is going on. A 1623NA{CiN}bJCOhI_ANA{PB The 1623 the Year of the destroyer force was the Netherlands forces in EnglandAmboina Malacca incident occurred the same year, and withdraw from the trade with Japan. ACOhChkioOB After that, England would concentrate on expanding into India and North America.
`[Y1 i 1628N jA XRbgh i1639NjA c|t i 1641N jAcWi s[^v jA1649N`[Y1YIo[ENEFanB Charles following a petition of rights even in the generation of the world (1628), rebellion Scotland (1639), |t University of Parliament (1641) confusion of politics and the continued conflict between the king and Parliament finally civil war developed into a (revolutionary Puritan), 1649 to King Charles 1 was started by the Republic and Oliver Cromwell was executed by the world.
NEFAYp~HWwA1651NI_fe|}qCzA pi1j i 1652N | 1653N jNI_C^B Cromwell, the development of commerce and industry efforts to abolish the privileges and control of various industries, especially 1651 to the year voyage to issue regulations and attempts to overturn the hegemony of the trade of the Netherlands, the war Hide Ran ( 1st) (1652 - 1653) gave a blow to the right causing the sea in the Netherlands.
ApRkI_Anj[AXe_[A `[Y2COhnEfEEBbgI_2pi 1665N | 1667N jNB After the Restoration, as a prologue to the New Amsterdam colony occupied the Netherlands and British North America, two of Charles between the Netherlands and led by Witt and Johan de EnglandKU the two world wars Eizi Ran (1665 - 1667 ) happened. Aj[AXe_COhij[[N jAI_k_B As a result of the war, Amsterdam and New England territory (now New York), The Netherlands and has offices in North America to lose. AI_mCA]XB The Netherlands has lost command of the sea in the Atlantic, and start showing a tendency to fall.
ACMX_v i 1688N jNAXeA[gWF[Y2AcAWF[Y2MSveX^gA[vI_EBA3COhB Then, in the United Kingdom is a revolutionary honor (1688) occurred, in the morning James Stewart 2 and be expelled from the throne the world, the Congress, William James 2 Osamu Riyou Netherlands and husband, Mary was a Protestant and enthusiastic in the world three daughters he is enthroned as king of England, the world. 2lAcDFuvA1689Nu T vzB They are admitted to the throne of Congress, "Declaration of Rights" signed in 1689, "Bill of Rights" was issued. TrIc`mACMXj]B Bill of Rights is able to establish the basis for a democratic system that Congress eliminate the modern tyranny of the king, is highly regarded in the history of United Kingdom. cnB Congress is the beginning of the monarchy.
1689N~ACMXtX2SNRA[bpkChJB Since 1689, the United Kingdom and France are two of the first meeting between the era of confrontation struggle long years of war and called 100, the war was often repeated in India as well as Europe and North America. CMXAAA United Kingdom, in a series of battles,
- cFR Was introduced in most of the military spending of tax revenues approved by Congress
- cCMXMpAB\ High credit debt in the United Kingdom Parliament to guarantee the excellent ability to raise extra funds
- AVEW[tXMA In France under the regime of Anshan Many nobles have power to levy taxes, less government revenue
RAKtXyAB\tXDiB And why, as a national power but fell short of that is not France, was able to take advantage of the war had greatly exceeded that of France in the war-raising capacity.
ACMXqCmOpf{~iA2GN[W[_Ju vgH v_HAY\YviWxB In the meantime, the United Kingdom has been capital accumulation in trilateral trade by the Atlantic since the age of sail, the second and labor flows from rural areas of the enclosure "industrialization protocol" by the industrialization of rural areas referred to as, the industrial structure was enough support to foster the development of the industrial revolution.
DH{~mOpfA }jt@N`AIHYZpvVvB Atlantic triangular trade and accelerate the accumulation of capital and the wool industry, innovation is required in the production technology and industrial manufacturers. _[r[qR[NXS@WF[YEbgC@B And it is improving the institutional steam by James Watt and coke iron making process in the Derby and his son. A 1764Nn[O[uYWFj[a@A 1769N`[hEA[NCga@A1779NNvg~[a@AaD@B The 1764 machine spinning Jenny Hargreaves year 1769 arc lights spinning hydro Richard, 1779 and the spinning mule of Crompton's, made a series of advanced textile machines. AChYB These were raw cotton imported from India.
CMXYvnvAAnsAnAs[^vE_vIE@IA~{BeAZoB_vJB As a factor in the Industrial Revolution began in Britain, normally, the existence of colonies and markets of supply of raw materials, legal and political environment honorable revolutionary Puritan revolution, the environment and facilitate the accumulation of capital or financing , and mentioned the labor force caused by the agricultural revolution and the development of the financial economy.
AtXB In practice, however, many of these conditions are not much different in France. IAAnLB If there is something absolutely different, it was the spread of colonialism. CMXYv1760NnA N ikt`ECfBA jIAAJChCMXD1763NpB Industrial Revolution in 1760 the United Kingdom are often begins to age, seven years war (in North America is a war French Indian) to end the dominance of the United Kingdom is determined in the U.S. and India in the 1763 Treaty of Paris in the year was. AnOA1763N_CMXsnAtXYvwKvsAn\B The colony had been there before, but 1763 was a land market and raw material supply at a sweep of the year when the United Kingdom, the market needed to spearhead a revolution for the French industry, raw material supply and view that it is possible to lose ground. moAYveB Economy is the Atlantic Ocean, was the father of the Industrial Revolution. ACMXtXYvJnAnSALuB Either way, the United Kingdom is ahead of the industrial revolution began in France, while all other countries on the planet had been integrated, and can occupy a certain position. pB Empire is the first British one.
[ W ] AJtXv French Revolution and American Independence
YA iViYAB Features of modernization and industrialization is equal, equality, and nationalism, democracy can be turned up. iViYA lAxB And nationalism, and the state of their own, which means loving attitude. A[bp11I200N\RAtXp[14I15IpSN AC^AO\NRmvAgA`B It is in Western Europe since the 11 century and the Crusades WATATTA to 200 years, given the edge to the throne of France from 14 to 100 15-year war fought between Britain and France in the century, andby war 13 years war in Italy and more to decline the system of feudalism and the Fall of the Knights, and on the throne, with the gradual awakening of the sovereign state is formed. CMXtXASNiViYbB Especially in the United Kingdom and France, the hard feelings of nationalism throughout the 100 years war. qI_A@AoAiViYB Netherlands War of Independence as mentioned above, religious war, and the economic struggle can be regarded as a germ of a kind of nationalism.
iViYm\18IAJvtXvAB That becomes very clear expression of nationalism in the form of 18 and the French Revolution and the American Revolution of the late century, there is a lot of the bloodshed.
AJvAA13AnlCMXxzAJIB The American Revolution, the War of Independence, 13 men of the colony was able to lead to political independence in the United States refuses to rule in the United Kingdom. 1775N Avh13An{SA@Sc ARSRB 1775, the revolutionaries are 13 and seized all of the colonial government, the Second Continental Congress to be responsible mainly for the legislative and political, had formed the continental army in charge of the military. 1776NA {IlvOA\{cE{l28{A\AJB 1776 the Year of the preamble of the right of revolution and human rights and fundamental, about the complaint to the home country and the parliamentary body of the tyranny of the king 28 KA, which issued the Declaration of Independence consists of a conclusion that the U.S. declare independence. AuSlvAsNEsRuARAKvfOAAJv_IvAvze^B In particular, "All people are created equal" andI an inalienable right to the inviolability of the natural "life, liberty, pursuit of happiness" Preamble advocated the rights of the theory of the American Revolution and a summary of evidence, a major influence on later thought.
tXvREEEs`fAs`yB Revolution in France is holding the principle of the equality principle of brotherhood of the modern civil liberty, the foundation of the principle of democratic society and the subsequent civil. t@CGbgNtXlA l@`A l` A \[__vzA eXL[x[NwIAwIB French human rights declaration was drafted by Lafayette, the doctrine of equal opportunity and the sovereign people, the principle of individual ideas of a contract society is theorized by Rousseau, the philosophy of the Enlightenment era, such as separation of power was supported by Montesquieu, the political science incorporated the principles of.
tXvu E}ZCG[Y v`IeAtXB Sung in the midst of revolutionary France, "La Marseillaise" is lyric content and very patriotic, national anthem and later France. AtXv~AuiiVIjvtpA`cB Also, during the French Revolution and later, "people (Nacion)" because the word is to be very heavy, in contrast it is known that it was the act of blood to the nation-state formation.
AutXv\qv i|IE{ipgtX@TAR[bpxzB The "child of the Revolution in France" are all the Civil Code France by Napoleon Bonaparte, on the other hand, attempts to dominate Europe through military power. i|IB War is Napoleon. i|I][bp\zAskAi|IA`A@AKp~tXvvzA[bpeneAJ`dB Europe is the concept of national unity is the ambition of Napoleon, he is ruined by the defeat, during the Napoleonic wars, democracy, law, modern ideas of the French Revolution and the abolition of privilege, to spread throughout Latin America and Europe did. @TAecB Civil Code has been left in the country even after the resurrection of the old regime.
Ai|IR`iViYv[bpSLB At the same time, the trend spread across Europe of nationalism and nationalist resistance to the attempt of Napoleon. [bpjA100NA[bpyPil[VEXeCgjeB This changed in the later history of Europe after 100 years, European countries from the realm of nation-states and territorial units of a feudal lord (nation state) made a major transformation. AlpAQAWv~B The attitude and thinking of their nation, they also participate in national politics, a willingness to help contribute to national development. AiViYB In this sense, nationalism is something which involves equality and democratization. A 1848NvvfB These are 1848 such elements and lead to a revolution.
[ W ] C^AhCc Unification of Italy and Germany
C^AAikSTf[jJ~bEJ[A1848NOR`^i \Wg jiAOW[byEKofB}ih^B Italy was divided in the Middle Ages, the Cavour KAMIRRO and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia in the north along the the modern, unified campaign 1848 by principle of freedom from the previous year (RISORUJIMENTO) promoting, Garibaldi and Giuseppe between people Both joined the radical wing of the movement. N~AAtXI[XgAiA 1861N ATf[jBbg[IEG}kG[2C^AB Changes in the environment by international post-war Crimean progress in negotiations with Austria and France, in 1861, Emanuele Vittorio king of Sardinia was established Kingdom of Italy with the king and the first world. A`AkoA`KeB However, the shape of the unified state, but finished in the northern and southern culture, unlike the economy, to form a single nation is not necessarily easy.
17IhCcA vCZIbg[EtHErX}NhCcMhCcnZI[XgArvCZShCc`NhCcwB 17 The division of Germany was de facto state since the century, the small central Prussia to eliminate Imperial Austria to include many non-residents while Germany is the largest state of Germany Kuniaki the Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Prussia aimed at the reunification of Germany based on the principle of monarchy in Germany. hCcA19IYviAvCZRxz_J[B Germany, 19 had a half-century industrial revolution, the military and political control of the Prussian Junker was a manor farm in the east. rX}NLShCcRgAJ[AxB Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck had declared that it will pursue a policy for the reunification of Germany arms extend our blood-and-iron-famous speech, and also Junker, who voted for it.
AhCcYvhCcwioImHB The industrial revolution in the industrialization of Germany was in the area and established a customs union and economic background Germany. LB With the following features.
- s{oIgFnCy[Xg Aggressive expansion by the investment of capital investment: an expansion of high pace
- FVFAm Incidence of monopoly: the share of profits
- ZpvVFwZpo Research-based innovation: creating the technical and scientific cooperation
rX}NAvCZIJgbNoCGAhCc4MVhCcA@`plB Otto von Bismarck, the Kingdom of Bavaria and a strong negative influence of the Catholic unity of the leadership Prussia, Germany Southwest Germany 4 to transfer the newborn to Riyou Kuni, wanted to use the system beyond the national religion. XyCpAQStXWA GXdtXci|I3[i jB The problem to the throne of Spain a related development, the worsening relations with France had both interest and concern, Napoleon Emperor France in the wake of the scandal telegram Ems-Kanal Table 3 the war between the world (war French Bo) . tXvCZA 1871N A pFTC{auvhCcB Prussian victory over France, in 1871, the palace of Versailles and Paris occupied "between the mirror" and announced the establishment of the empire in Germany.
hCcAMFAMNB Imperial Germany was a constitutional monarchy with a federal system to recognize the independence of various Kuniaki. oWArX}NdwH_QAJgbNA `GAiAtAtXOpB A prop for economic development, Bismarck is coordinating the interests of agricultural and industrial heavy, cold and a Catholic, even though they may be hostile to pro-social, meanwhile, also in social security, stability and balance of powers in the country, especially France adopted a foreign policy aimed at isolating. AwRww ARZpJIAhCcwEBB Also, natural science and medicine and the chemical state, so that the grant active military technology, learning of the highest reaches of Germany is the world at that time.
C^AhCcuvT^B Modernization of Germany and Italy, "modernization from above" and called a classic. WVhCcjAV{weB Germany marked the emerging policies and policy development, especially on a OYOBOSHITA leader in Japan since the Meiji Restoration was still short of the day.
{]qgcrX}NAA{hCc@wAwAwOlAhCcwhB Iwakura Mission TOMONATTA the government leaders are impressed by the claims of Bismarck, after the Meiji government of the German law, medicine, invited as a foreigner and a hired scientists, many in Germany while sent students. Atb{@AvCZ@QmB The enactment of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and H. Ito, and Minister of Prime Minister's first Cabinet in the later, to see the Prussian constitution is well known.
[ W ] VA\A` Soviet Union and the socialist modernization of a country Russia
VAv A VAo1922N\BGg`aAM i\AMjA{``E{`wAVtEX^[`HmAA`{`aB Revolution in Russia, after the civil war in Russia, 1922 Federal Republic of socialism SOVIETO-enacted (SOAM) presence, and turn against the principle of world capital has been formed by the capitalist powers in the meantime, YOSHIFU particular establish the lines of socialist countries by Stalin, would represent the birth of the capitalist regime and anti-national policy.
A\AYvo@EB However, the Soviet Union is a deviation from the axis of greater economic means of the second industrial revolution was.
sovoAARYdLAJIX^CAAI`Ai{`RIYALO_m20IB Economy and state planning, not in the economic market, and also far from a rich American life style and to focus on military industry, is in hellSHIKATTA and principles of democratic politics, military and advanced capitalist countries the industry can compete in terms of popular appeal and to mobilize the broader public or a 20 was definitely the way about the nature of the century.
A\A{sYvB\A_EAWAEAtJfAs[B Therefore, the existence of the Soviet Union and Western countries and Japan can take is what was achieved in the second industrial revolution to reach the different countries of Asia and Africa achieved independence after World War II in terms of The appeal was for a kind of model of modernity.
[ W ] { Modernization of Japan
V~JA {WixAwAInswB The cultural enlightenment of the late Meiji Restoration, a national goal for Japan to introduce a system of collection and the Western developed countries, efforts to revise the treaty and conduct while maintaining separate, revise the Treaty of rising inequality is its international scale to aim.
J]{YgnA {uviB Began efforts to modernize the Shogunate in the late Edo period andYafter the opening of the country, and government initiatives Meiji "modernization from above" was the driving force. cHA]pOEOHEZF{yA yHA IdwHBB To build a plant governmental, while the capital base of commercial and Sumitomo Mitsubishi, Mitsui to continue since the Edo period, light industry during the war Qing, had been developed for industrial heavy during the Russo-Japanese War.
[bp@AIAijB Establishing a Constitution for Europe and non-country, by a victory in the Russo-Japanese War, one of the great powers (Big Five) has come to be called. A iAnA EIAWAiosB However, sales of goods and supply of raw materials has Unless a choice but to depend on the colony, which made the expansion into Asia by the end of World War II.
E{HAs1946N1951NAAJun~{v (GARIOA) unov (EROA) 50hODAB After the Second World War by the industry in Japan is falling into a catastrophic state, after the war from 1951 to 1946 years, the American "government relief funds occupied territories" (GARIOA) and the "occupied areas of economic reconstruction funds "(EROA) about 50 billion dollars in aid to the ODA. Ji_ A LVR A ` A uW A A[` A y[HB This is Canada, Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Argentina, has been the aid and relief and food and life from Peru. NRA 1953NAEsLgpCV A HJnAxoB MI a clue for the reconstruction of the Korean War by the military, in the year 1953, the Tokaido Shinkansen and the use of multilateral assistance loans from the World Bank, and construction began in the Tomei Expressway and has achieved high economic growth. 1964NAJoA iB 1964 to the year and the second largest economy in the United States took an in developed countries.
[ W ] South Korea's modernization
piB Of modern Korean pushed to bulldoze Chunghee Park.
N{ANxHiAES\Ac{NB Towards the end of the period in Korea by Japanese colonial rule from the late Joseon Dynasty had been a certain degree of industrialization, the Soviet Union to take over all after the Second World War, which devastated the capital during the war one of the few remaining in Korea. 1961N5E16RN[f^[A GNPoOfVG`IsA80hxA_i Z}E^ jnASyHNA EOEFB 1961 the year in Korea, 5.16 at the time of the coup the military, GNP is the same level as in Ethiopia and Bangladesh in the current 80 to a dollar level, rural reconstruction (motion Saemaul) in the beginning, causing the light industry was mainly a wig, raised the conglomerate's Daewoo and Hyundai three stars.
{SO{JB Most of the funding was dependent on official development assistance from foreign and Japan. 1977NpYA 1979NpAoJnA 1988N\EIsbNJA 1996NiB 1977 The year was successful in domestic production of cars, started exporting cars in 1979, 1988 by holding the Olympics in Seoul in 1996 made in developed countries. A 1970NuEHEhEvxB Opportunity to modernize, 1970 in the second half of the "crude weak dollar exchange rate" was supported.
[ W ] _ Modernization Theory
_A 1950N1960NAXAnXAI`_wA JowdB The theory of modernization, the 1950 from the year's through 1960's, many former colonial countries achieved independence in these people is how to modernize or to realize how the formation of national states in the Western sense discussed in the academic field, an area overlapping the development of economics and not close. APofAAAASlAABABAPofAAAASlAABA.
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[ W ] A
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