S Railway

oT: t[STwEBLyfBAiWikipediajx Source: Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia (Wikipedia),

1929N`1938NsGuSvS (G)B Magazines 1929 - 1938 was issued to "train" on the rail (magazine) please.

`S Narrow railway

HfB[[@i DD51 j Diesel locomotives running on rails (DD51)

S ijA`su{S[i O jHASS[]B Rail (railway) and, in the narrow sense of the two steel rails set up in parallel (rail) and road guide, is to rotate the wheels of steel on steel rail.

LA OA[guHi[AOjU[gOsA qAVXeAs@B In the broadest sense, the dynamics of the outside or inside the vehicle and fixed guideway route was set up on the (rail and guide rail) to travel the routeMIOSAZU is induced to transport the cargo and passenger means to transport or transport system. L`SAEm[ AOVVXe A|Si P[uJ[ jA SA{S@O@~B The extensive rail, monorail-style suspended seat equitant formula, the system new traffic-guide rail, rail steel rope (cable car), including levitation transit, in Japan's patent law allows or trajectory of Railway Business Law and the be laid by. g[oX iOdjA [gWdu ig[jWddCsoXAS@SAO@uOvOB Trolleybus (non-rail train), the device collector routes that are posted overhead wire (trolley) bus is running as a collector by an electric-powered, rail or railway business law, Law on track. " orbit equivalent to "be treated as a trajectory. [vEFCS@O@A A`SOB The law covered by the railway track or even ropeways Business Law, in the treatment of the cableway, which will distinguish it from the narrow track or rail. A{`SB In this section describes the narrow rail.

[ W ] Tv Summary

prailroadrailwayAHA hCcEtXEu SiHjv\A`SS`B The English railway or railroad is good, whatever the material of the guideway, a number of other languages such as Chinese French Spanish German "Iron Road (Road)" as to the expression of the narrow railway primordial form of the railroad. `AS@yS@{sKSA V A nSS`B This form is common in railroad classification rules and train law enforcement operations based on the Ministry of Land Ordinance Act of railway, Shinkansen, which is of this form including the Underground Railroad. AptramwayHd`A{@O@ASOOAEBB The tramway is in English the same form, called a tram, the laws of Japan has jurisdiction trajectory by many to be the exception rather than the railroad track and the segment, the boundary is ambiguous.

[ W ] Features

[ W ] Advantages

SA RAAASDLB Rail, less load on the environment, mass transit directions to have the characteristics that make it easy to punctuality and safety. pSO^]AA^]B Characteristics that are driving the guide on a private track of iron, bound to drive the bulk of many vehicles. Axq^B To transport freight and passengers a lot more time to connect the vehicle for this.

OSgpAsSmGACsRAnG@B Uses a steel wheel and track, will be in touch with each other when driving iron, the resistance of the vehicle by the force of this friction, as a transport to move the contact on the ground in the category of fairly low enter. RH20km/hssR1 - 2 kgf / tA S^Cgp10kgf/ti Hj101xB A flat line, for example 20km / h driving resistance when running in the 1 - 2 kgf / t, the vehicle using the tire rubber 10kgf / t (road paving), compared to about one-tenth of a degree. SDA GlM[AVXeB Along with the railway for the ship, say mass transit system energy efficient. SOsR_ACu[LAu[Ln~ijKvB Resistance is small while the benefits of running track iron, but also to lower brake force to depend on the frictional force, the distance between the first stop on the brake (braking distance) that require longer.

ddC@A d@d@GlM[gR@ASVXeSGlM[B If the vehicle agency trains and electric conversion efficiency of the energy of the electric and machine power is higher than the internal combustion engine used as automotive, energy-efficient rail system as a whole is very high. CEfB[[@APAGlM[B Even if the car agencies diesel rail motor, the consumption of energy per unit volume is less than transport vehicles. ng_YfPAro^[1]B Low emissions transport volume per unit of carbon dioxide that causes global warming so ^[1] It.

vIf[^AlAAQB And from statistical data, the incidence of accidents or to transport personnel to the same accident less than a car with the number of victims. pOsnhe_AAl^]WB This is easy compared to the vehicle and the steering is dedicated to driving the track, be related to an extremely low percentage of drivers in the transport personnel. AH_ASRB For that to occur at the intersection of many roads in a car accident, the train will also be another reason for less traffic and other parts of the cross. SHApqS_wz[ A}J[uB Many of the accidents and the level crossing to cross the railway transport plane and road, home of the station and the junction of railway passengers and use, which occurs at the sharp curve. A A z[hAuV^ATSO\B These accidents, the intersection of three-dimensional, the new establishment and the door Home is the ATS can be eliminated by improving and fully equipped.

[ W ] Z Disadvantages

SOsRRA}ziSA80 zNA\An33xEjB Because of the low resistance of the track driving iron may not be a steep climb down a car (if the train normally, depending on the condition of 80 to be clear of the slope, starting at about 33 at the end a). A RxQIA gl@QA[vXCb`obNusKvB Therefore, a bypass or disability, such as mountains, avoiding obstacles by digging a tunnel, and the need to set up a switchback or loop lines and. A}zA bN[pB The steep and can not do anything with these measures and may be dealt with by using a rack and rails. A ICE 3A\A40zH300km/hs\A\pAgl@}\B Recently, however, ICE 3, and high-performance vehicles of 40 continuous gradient between 300km / h and can run at, by the use of high-performance vehicle, it is possible to reduce investment and tunnel excavation are.

s[gA RQA lg^s~B The route is limited, and vulnerable to natural disasters and accidents, the train stopped a long time and to grade crossing accidents and injury accidents. yQnkRQvAIHAoXAB It took time for quite a to recover and be a natural disaster such as earthquake or disaster, if there is no alternate route would have to depend on transportation alternatives such as buses. sRA^s~B Weak winds and low resistance to running, it often happens that stops the operation of the wind for a long time. tS^sSAn~sMdB Can be operated safely from the train car when the snow Conversely, some communities will be a valuable citizen and feet in winter. nB Not used to snow in the region but is not limited.

{oAZCAxqAocB Huge costs for the construction and maintenance of facilities, high-line profitability, good management and there is no passenger or cargo transport volume of more than a degree. SIA IKvB If you choose to keep the railroad, however, have to be public funds. AAHT[rXB Because of this situation, competition is less likely to insist born, competitors are not in line could cause a decline in service.

[ W ] j History

SjQ For details, see the history of the railway

20Ih[ZpA A xA20IC@ASiZAlXB 20 at the beginning of the century, technology has advanced by pro-future, power, and was treated as a symbol of speed, in the late 20 th century and that of the retro-car steam engine part of the railroad in the country advanced in penetrate society, people became part of everyday life.

19I20IYR_eIS~ihCcgPjB 19 from the Century 20 of the laying of the railway between the active military from the perspective of each country as well as industry (which is true of Moltke in Germany for example). SA SQB The current status of the railway, see the entry of the railway transport.

[ W ] \ Structure

S\AHwB The structure of the railway, the railway station and consists of roughly. HsAwB Trains running on the track is determined to stop at the station. Hn~Assn`AssHnH~B There are many tracks that are laying on the ground, where the constraints of terrain and urban environments, in lines for high speed and has been laying the elevated and underground routes. n~HnSB Laying underground lines are especially called to the subway.

[ W ] H Route

H|SOB Route is that of steel track. Os{I2{s[AVXe{B Ministry of train track running is basically of two parallel rails, the system is to increase the number. HxAoXgRN[gbB To support the course is a foundation made of concrete and gravel is called a ballast. AoXgOB In particular, the gravel is called track ballast. IAbAANvXgXgERN[g (PC) SA[uA SbAARN[gAb@\XuOARN[gb[`B In general, on the basis of these, the wood, in recent years, prestressed concrete (PC) or iron, is to establish a rail across the railroad ties made of plastic or composite, are omitted and a portion of the bridge foundation, in concrete, and slab track that combines the basic features and railway ties, there was even a railroad tie directly back to the rails to the concrete foundation.

[ W ] w Stations

SwAlAB Station rail, or board the train were a place to stow the cargo train. vbgz[w\Aw^[~i\B The station consists of a platform, which consists of more freight from the terminal if the freight station. vbgz[iHjunw A w A nwB Platform (rail) station from the ground position, the elevated station, can be classified as underground stations.

[ W ] level crossing

SHIuB Flat where the road crosses the railroad and that the railroad crossing is installed.

ASsDAHIfB Railroad crossing, you have priority traffic to the railway, the railroad crossing will be blocked to traffic while the road. AfsOsB So long damping, blocking the railroad crossing should be too far from the train passage. ^s{AfAru J vB When a large number of trains, and the cutoff time, if gross "level crossing in the opening" was born. A aNASHfnaB IKAZU far and can cause a traffic jam traffic and be away up in the divided region's rail routes. ASAn@i A jB In order to eliminate the waiting time, and the elevated railways, and how to switch to the overhead crossing or underground (the intersection of three-dimensional continuum) have.

[ W ] Vehicles

SAB Vehicles Railway, classified by source of power. C@sC@ AR@sC A dCsdB Locomotive steam the trains run on institutional steam, rail motor trains run on internal combustion engines, called the train and the trains run by electricity. SAAB The characteristics of railway vehicles can run on many connecting trains. lA\B May be due to mass transport of personnel.

ddC@OdCGlM[Aro_Yff_CB The electric trains and locomotives will be supplied from an external electrical energy, less air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide will be emitted. C@AB Once BAI steam locomotive was a big problem, most already have been weeded out. CEfB[[@rCKXxA2006NpGWZppQ^GWCoB Measures emissions of diesel rail motor that was later, around the year 2006 has become a railway motor car appeared with a low emission engine technology for automotive engines. A{IAroEIroACEfB[[@rCKX[^B Since both low absolute level of emissions per amount of pollutant emissions in the transport fundamental to give a serious problem along the exhaust gas of diesel rail motor is not normal.

dSdAVGlM[i N[GlM[ j\B Railway electrification to power regardless of the material, new energy (clean energy) can be switched. A pAKvB In addition, the cost on to the anti-noise, much lower than that required for motor vehicles. dSAO}ArIeB Even in electrified rail-to be inhibited in the area around the orbit space can be contaminated, it is relatively easy measures.

SA{IOAB Railway will not drive over a section of the gauge of track is fundamentally different, it is difficult. O@A XyCu ^S vu Alvia vpq1668mm1435mm@pA Ew@[bpsAvAxB As a method of gauge switch, Spain "TARUGO" "Alvia" the country while carrying passengers with special facilities in other countries around 1668mm to 1435mm and the other is how to switch between applications, train border freight but that is part of Europe on how to replace the trolley station and took a lot of time and facilities, direct dial can not train a lot at once. {qO\t[Q[WgCpsB Japan is also in the practical application of the test FURIGEJITOREIN change of gauge can keep passengers on board. zEEHAQB By Different Routes are limited vehicle limitations and architecture, and impede the traffic. EVAEO~jVATCYB An example is the Shinkansen high-limit vehicle, mini Shinkansen to go direct to a section of rail line to break the traditional small car the limit will be forced toRAZARU the size of conventional lines vehicle. A dCARXgodCgpA@tKvAdCA dA dKvB Direct current, if different from the electricity sector and the exchange is to go direct or use the vehicle's electrical system that supports both high production costs, and the resulting need to re-engine, the electric system the same, if the voltage interval, the vehicle must have multiple voltage systems.

[ W ] Surrounding Facilities

SAPHw\AdwZ^[B Modernize the railway, not only to the only station that is configured by the train tracks and just prepare for a command center and other equipment and supplies. ddAHsdH~ASdd{B Train to run on electricity, electric lines were erected alongside the tracks are equipped with facilities to manage the rail substation and power with it. GSlbg[N_CIAWIsB The railway network is also more complex to deal with accidents and unexpected diamond and overcrowded, sometimes managing to train intensively in one place.

[ W ] ^c Operation

S^csSAA @lEncsB Railway operators to operate the railroad, and private companies have and what do the local government and national corporations. {{LScA sxcc iccnSjAucSvB In Japan and in the division of the railway privatization state-owned Japan, the transport corporation high-speed s(subway) The company specialized in the so-called "state-run railway operator" does not exist. AA{LSpJRO[vA kCqS iJRkCjA lqS iJRljA BqS iJRBjA {S iJRjAsxccpnS igjLB However, inherited the business of JR Japan National Railways of group, Hokkaido Railway (JR Hokkaido), lqS (JR Shikoku), Kyushu Railway (JR Kyushu), Rail Cargo Japan (JR Freight), and highsTokyo Subway inherited transport corporation in the business of speed (Metro Tokyo) for the shares are held by some countries. {{ASoc^B Therefore the present Government, but not at all involved in the management of the railroad business.

SAHEwCtXgN`[RXgv_AAApqKvB Rail, high break-even point to the large expense ratio large fixed cost investment for infrastructure such as railway stations, to be transported over a certain amount of profit, the number needed. A uSAx{vi {s N j ^[2]FB Therefore, in the West "is a goods train public, back to the original and it has gone from a deficit that is difficult to base" (Asai Yasutsugu Bank of Japan policy investment) [2] Introduction of ^and the recognition that there. AvHwoAt[A p[NAhChpuST[rXB The barrier-free stations and the speed of existing routes and no increase in benefits equivalent, which is difficult to improve service and railway established at parking for park-and-ride.

{A 1990NSpB In Japan, the 1990 numbers using the railway age is beginning to decrease. wiA{l\B Behind the decline is part of the population of Japan. SpSwpA pAl\A wNlwNlA lENlVKAElAdg^[3] B Center of rail users and users from school, who use the commuter, on population, students are less populated than the school age population of the age to graduate, also new from the population of retirement age people Because of the low status of the population to employment generation, the two mechanisms is to decrease further over time [3]. ]kA{qS iJR{jCA SuicaNWbgJ[h|CgJ[h@\tA cESuicagqvAwEi{s@J_jB That aside, this situation Railway (JR East) is realized, Suica by adding a feature point cards and credit cards to continue to retire and the generation of nodules Suica the retention of customers to use thevTTA, but some (Tani Hiroshi algae give Bank of Japan). vASocwsA [^[[V iVtgj ^[2]AA ng i ~C~Agpj ^[2]B Other factors to reduce the shortage of railway project management effort, motorization (the shift to car from train) [2] and, in the strange, warming the earth (and less snow in winter the temperature rise be easier to use a car) [2] and some of the stuff.

qe{SbA [JpB Above what is Japan's overall environment surrounding the number of lines available locally is particularly severe. ZAHwB If you can not be profitable, the problem of survival routes and train station. ASp~A OZN^[S]B As a workaround, or abolish the deficit continues to train, have to switch to third-sector railways. AOZN^[SAOZN^[SAncsB However, the deficit is eliminated and the third sector is not limited to rail, third rail sector deficit is a problem as the debt of poor local government.

[ W ] ride

S AJ[hKvB Tickets to ride the train and the ticket, you need a card or board. ^xAAZdgSB And to get them to pay the fare, the right to get a ride, a train which takes the system to settle the car.

[ W ] punctuality

SpOLADB Rail to have a dedicated track, with better punctuality. HdHspOA{IpsHgpA^smB Except for the trajectory used to driving on the road like a train track, so use the basic course of a dedicated, easy-to ensure a regular operation. vi{j^svB Cultures requires a strict time management (including Japan) in the demand for large-time flight. vAHmssApOLSlB Even if cultures do not require strict time management, in urban areas have difficulty in ensuring regular road traffic, railways have a dedicated track that's worth.

QzAnsB Unable to overtake and to avoid the scene of the accident and the accident at fault or accident, however, may be interrupted over a long time. EnkRQseLnAB And across a wide range of such natural disasters will be interrupted by a typhoon and earthquake, and also vulnerable. AroHVEn_Vqs\s@IB The ability to avoid the accident scene and the lanes of cars, aircraft and navigation can be a problem unless the weather takeoff and landing points of the route in bad weather during the contrast is. lgAe^s~B Grade crossing accidents and injury accidents, often stop on the long runs and high winds.

[ W ] SS Rail Safety

Sm@B Probability of occurrence of train accidents is lower than other means of transportation. AAlEAS\{JASSIB In particular, the comparison with the number of dead and injured would rival the automotive, rail is a gap of less than 10 times, the safety of the railways to be relatively high. AS\A@\A^syAslB In particular, the possibility of dying or suffering injury in an accident during the ride is quite rough but they ignore the opportunity and the denominator, the vehicle isyBAZU to say, less than the number of people involved in an accident during walking .

SAs@EDlAxlAxSB Railway, as well as ships and aircraft could be catastrophic accident once late to a number of mass transit at a time. SSw\NGEASB Most of the death in a railway accident in the crash, however, occur in contact with the station and railroad crossing, a very small mass death.

[ W ] Zp Technology

SS{wSHwB Engineering a train as learning about the rail vehicle or train.

VZpfAE[hEr[N iDMVjB Vehicle mode technology as a new dual (DMV), among others.

[ W ] Hobbies

SB Railways as a hobby.

SlSt@B Rail fans and call it a hobby of the person to the railroad. St@lXA SsyA SBeyA S^B Rail enthusiasts have a variety of categories, from enjoying the journey Railway, enjoy the shooting rail, there is such as to create a model railroad. SiWwHA S[lSyB Jerkwater and eating parts of the collection vehicle train, some people enjoy, such as a railway train anthropomorphic and fictitious.

[ W ] A See also

EBL|[^ S Railway UIKIPOTARU

EBLvWFNg S Railway UIKIPUROJEKUTO

EBLfBAERYA SA}`fBAJeSB The Wikimedia Commons has a Tree and multimedia to be related to the railway.

SA}`fBAB There are rail-related multimedia.

EBLj[XSAj[XJeSB To Wikinews is there a category of news related to the railway.

• ES List of railways in the world
• {S Japan Railway
• SwZ Train school
• fBA|piS Railway in the media and art
• SWl List of figures relating to railway
• SA Railway Regiment
• Sj Railroad History
• Sj ({) History of Railway (Japan)
• SW{ Facilities Exhibition railway Save
• S Rail operators
• nS Subway
• Sw Railway Station

[ W ] r Footnotes

[ W ] Ql References

• wSHwnhubNxvc AOvoi1995 - 1996j The Railway Engineering Handbook, by Kubota Hiroshi, publishing Grand Prix (1995 - 1996)

[ W ] ON External links

• SF Friends of the Museum railway
• SE^A{x@\iScj Mechanism of railway transportation facilities support (in the old railway corporation)

u S vSAB This "train" on the item or related to the railway. LME i P:S / PJS jB SARU are looking for collaborators and to fill in this correction (P: Rail / Railway PJ).