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s Bank

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{uLqA EI_\B This is a description of the subjects were placed in Japan, may not be an explanation from the perspective of the world. m[gc_LWi Template: jB I'd like to cooperate in the development of the article and discussion in the notes (Template: International).

s iABankjA aAi joi Z jA `EssZ@B Bank (bank, Bank) and the acceptance of deposits, transfers of funds (settlement) and loans (loans), a financial institution to issue the check bill. A{s@sALB Here, on the banks under the Bank of Japan Law, to be described.

Contents

[ W ] s Bank Operations

sIA`IAsosB The purpose of the banking business, primarily the issue of currency is the foundation of a market economy. @\A@\AiliAlx@\B According to the theory of functions of money, because money is a function of the currency as a currency, as well as stores of value and means of medium of exchange, with a feature called the measure of value. ssaA@\odvaB Issue of bank deposits, money in circulation as a consequence of the important economic and social functions such as the very currency. A{AaoB Therefore, as government officials have come to the foundation of economic stability in the currency deposits. asAalAsYIlLB Since currency deposits and liabilities of the bank to stabilize the value of money, must have a stable value of the assets of the bank. AsAAsYS_`FbNB Therefore, banks and supervisory authorities, through regular inspections, the bank will tighten the terms of safety checks. ioTF A ZQj (Source: money, see the Financial Services Agency)

ssA MpdvuB To provide banking, occupy an important position of public confidence. AocoY{IAocMpAj]B Therefore, other industries can continue to run even worse is fundamentally different, there is no lack of business confidence would be bankrupt very quickly. [I In short

usocMpAZlfvi KEX^[ A[XE}bgLj [1]p "Management of the bank is based in the credit, orRITANAKU either been deemed not worth a loan" (Morgan Stanley, Kin Matt Lawrence) [1] quote from

B It said.

[ W ] sN The origin of the bank

oNC^Abanco iAx`jRB The word bank is the Italian banco (desks, benches) derived. tBcFslTXgtAFzsB The term was used during the Renaissance by the bankers of Florence, they were always to do business on a desk covered with green cloth. Is1406Ni1407NjWFm@TEWWsB The first modern bank in 1406 (or 1407) that are banks and San Giorgio, which was established in Genoa.

`saACMXB The bank was born to the current form is in the United Kingdom of the late Middle Ages.

Avi iS[hjB The principal means of settlement money (gold). oAzoB The increase in commercial transactions with the rise of money economy, came out with a lot of money. XNOLA hHES[hX~XaB The owner was concerned about the risk of money to keep the money in hand, decided to leave the money in Goldsmith commercial gold work was the most robust and have a safe in London. S[hX~XaAaLnB Goldsmith is to keep the money and handed the owner a warrant Friday.

AS[hX~XaCtB After a while, Smith noticed that no less than gold is always a certain amount of money being deposited into his own. AxpAaB This money was used to pay was due to come to leave the company immediately received. ALPaAapLB The money is deposited in the hope of sorts, the owner appeared Friday to be used as a trading warrant.

S[hX~XAa^paxs\mAo^pJnB Goldsmith, should know that the inability to pay the deposit money was deposited operation began lending operations. snAaANB This is the beginning of the bank, a warrant was in the process, the origins of the bill today. iajaAlloi {QjB Notes (warrant) is a certificate of deposit of money, I could have a value from that there is evidence of value (see the gold standard).

AoaxoAasAoB Also, by going around to lend money again and again We rented a deposit, a warrant was issued mass, monetary and economic growth. AaAaMpnAsdv@\B Thus, from Friday to guarantee a warrant, to be called a lot of credit creation and the amount of slip is also an important feature of modern banking.

CMXSyAasAlB The company emerged across Britain soon to issue a warrant of their own, appearing on a variety of bills. AMpAassA sB However, because it depends on the credibility of the currency of each agency, and is integrated with the bank the authority to issue a warrant then, the central bank. OsAaasWB Other banks, will be developed as commercial banks keep a warrant.

iajlAB Money growth (warrant) that guarantees the value of the repayment ability of the. Aoc@Mpri Z@ jB Therefore, the loss of money and credit management of the crisis(financial crisis). 19IAZ@[Qpi1927N{aZQjB The 19-to-date century are frequent crisis stemming from the financial crisis (such as the 1927 financial crisis Showa in Japan).

{]Au vsB In Japan in the Edo Period, "money changer" in the business close to the bank said. sAVas i soAs jB First Commercial Bank, First National Bank was born after the Meiji Restoration (After Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank, Mizuho Bank, now) is. { ijB This is the first in Japan Ltd. (may vary depending on the interpretation) was also. AstRA sEB The word bank is derived from the Chinese company is the company line. A{AsgsmsifjB Currently, companies in Japan are using this line banking business and Yoko Ltd. (trading company) is said to be just. AAsgB The company currently uses the line in China is getting less. iigpj (Use and Co.)

[ W ] {s Bank of Japan

{AL`ss@sisjAMsA@siusvjA`s@sisjwB In Japan, a broad-based bank to bank law and the central bank to (Bank usually called), Trust Bank, the bank established by the laws of the individual (the trade name "bank" that TOTSUI), in the narrow sense Bank under the Banking Law (the so-called commercial banks) refers.

[ W ] Scope of Business

scB Banks, who runs the business.

  • a i aEaj Deposit (fixed deposit savings deposit) or the acceptance of savings
  • t` Save the bill or loan of money
  • iEUj Currency trading inland (transfer payment)
  • O Foreign exchange trading
  • ` Acceptance of a bill or debt guarantees
  • LALXfoeBuALwALIvVOs Sale of securities, securities traded over-the-counter derivatives, index futures and securities, futures or options trading foreign securities market securities
  • Lt Securities loan
  • An{YWW Government bonds, handling the recruitment of local government bonds related to the underwriting or the underwriting of government bonds or municipal bond guarantee
  • Kn Acquisition or transfer of money claim
  • IsYWW Call for specific treatment of the subject relating to the underwriting of bonds or acceptance of certain bonds issued by the company and specific purpose
  • Zn Acquisition or transfer of short-term bonds, etc.
  • L Handling of the private placement of securities
  • nW Recruiting and managing trustee of the bond or other bonds or municipal bond
  • sZs Those who do business on behalf of banks and other financial institutions
  • A nc AK[KW Countries, local governments, dealing with affairs relating to the receipt of money and other financial companies
  • LA Miai o j Securities and safe custody of precious metals and other goods (Safe loan)
  • Exchange
  • Z And Financial Futures Exchange
  • Z And Financial Futures Contract
  • ZfoeBuiAiAiiwWllYwWlZoKj And financial derivatives (interest rates, currency prices, the money will be calculated based on the difference between the number of such indicators in real time and the future of the agreement between the parties and figures in advance as a number of other price indices or similar transaction abbreviate the transfer of trading)
  • ZfoeBu}A Mediated transactions and financial derivatives, or on behalfGI
  • LXfoeBu OTC derivatives trading securities
  • LXfoeBu}A Medium of OTC derivatives securities, or actingGI

[ W ] s categories of banks

{AKIlB In Japan, the next to be divided by tradition. usvA s@sisjwB In general, "bank" is a bank based on the Banking Law (the so-called commercial banks) refers. s@6Ais@jsusvt`tAsAusvt~B Article 6 The Bank Act (pursuant to the Banking Law) banks, "banks" that are required to give names, not the bank, "bank" because it's forbidden to give a name . s{nZ@As@@AKi{s@jB Central banks and government financial institutions, banking law by the law of the individual is not being provided for the establishment (such as Bank of Japan Law).

[ W ] `s once existed in the form of bank


[ W ] sgDZ@ cooperative banks and financial institutions

{A@ao@2~AsOMpEMpgE_gEgEJA@aZ@igDZ@jB In Japan, the acceptance of deposits is not based on law of the law that are prohibited by article, and safe working fishing cooperative agricultural cooperative credit unions, credit unions in addition to banks, savings due to special laws financial institutions and industry acceptance (cooperative financial institutions) is present. scAZSs@lX@KAgDZ@AIZ@uB So even though the commercial banks and commercial companies, including banking law as a highly responsible for the public and the financial restrictions be placed under the law, cooperative financial institutions, financial institutions are regarded as having a more public purpose that.

AgDZ@ApigEjgoAIcIsAlWhAIILAIB_AnAAcgDsLAiFB That is, cooperative financial institutions, customers in general (union members) and the existence's own investment, and private commercial banks, unlike the common prosperity and development of private small and medium-sized businesses, the welfare Business has a public purpose of contributing to the stability and improvement of social order, with a view to achieve these objectives, a number of business and trading partner, while limited, is better than commercial banking organization tax, people are allowed to handle the product. oAAgi b`f[jAgEijcAozAl[AA{ocxzAplvfAIIocodgB Especially on investment, unlike Inc., a cooperative principle (principle Rochdale), union members () voting rights, regardless of the amount of investment, and one vote, and the Corporation, unlike large ManagementME dominated by the capital did not reflect the will of each individual user, and how can a stable and democratic management.

gDZ@egAeiWA 1991NsEMp]sAoEaEtipjAsg}B Bear in the expansion of the cooperative financial institutions, progress in many cases to large companies and SMEs also bear business, Yachiyo 1991sconverted a former bank in Tokyo in the year, such Restrictions on deposit and loan business investment (continued trade) restrictions will take, tried to reorganize the bank. AsZFMsPgAs]gDZ@B However,sis included under the deal with Sumitomo Trust was then converted to cooperative financial institutions that do not appear in the bank.

sKiejgDZ@`AOB Smaller banks (the destination or close) clearing of cooperative financial institutions, and often accept the foreign exchange business.

[ W ] sX Bank agency

sA AEg\[VOCAT[rXsOB Some of the business of the bank, was entrusted by outsourcing to companies other than banks to provide services.

{s@Aaa[AsOlsB In Japan, banks are set by law, the handling of the savings deposit and loan may be made by individuals and companies other than banks. s100qAxKasA2006N4{sQaB Initially, 100 percent of the bank and a subsidiary of difficult conditions, the deregulation that several amendments to the enforcement in 2006 is significantly easing the entry criteria.

AnxO_nAeLloAsALloXiXpp~P[XjB However, the situation is often a number of locations in rural and suburban division is small, the handling of business is often equivalent to the General Office manned by the bank, from the past and change to the branch office manned have decreased (in the case was discontinued by merging stores).

cXA ssXuB Contact savings in post offices after privatization is the position of the agent bank in the reservoir banks Yu. RAscXXAsXB Of course, the post office has been established by decree Yu retail bank, the agent bank is not.

[ W ] {sx bank holidays in Japan

{sAj A yj A j A1231N13xis@151As@{s5jB Bank of Japan, Sunday, in principle, Saturday and public holidays, from December 31 to January 3 next year on a Sunday and holidays from Sunday (Bank Act, Section 1 of Article 15, Decree Law No. 5 bank Article). A Z[[Z^[AyjjcXB However, departments such as the Center's mortgage loans and deal with some stores open Saturday and Sunday.

yjOcA1983N2yjxA1988NSyjxB Saturday past was open only during the morning, around 1983 of the two Saturday and holidays, 1988 was a Saturday and closed all around. a@ iATMjAyj14sLbVJ[hpAyjsB Automated teller machine (ATM) for the 14 pm Saturday in this process is to use the ATM card line in the commission itself is failing, a growing number of banks charge a commission on Saturday. tAijEEiO[vj{Xsi sEMs BA RrjATMCIs ATMpjAxsJ[hSpsB Conversely, (Saitama) Kinki Osaka Resona (Resona Group) bank headquarters in Fukui or (MsFukui Bank, Ltd.. If this is a convenience store ATM ion bank ATM and that even when available), Some bank card fees were abolished a row at night and leave on their own.

[ W ] {s Features of the Bank of Japan

  • R\ Ability to review
    • NsY iIjl ilIjSZrWlXX^CAOnsYR\ANA vWFNgEt@CiXM&AAoLbVt[lfXNsRxm}B Real estate for many years (physical) and assurance (human), had a style for business loans as collateral, and is less capable than the appraisal of property companies to foreign banks in recent years, and project finance M & A etc. In a hurry to establish a screening system to determine the value and risk management at the company's cash flow generating companies.
    • A2007N2008NAAJ[bpsATuvC[AizvAEIZVXesAuOnsR\vAAOnsvwXN@MXNeCNouIB However, between 2007 and 2008, leading the major banks in Europe and America, a better gauge of the massive loss of securities-related products across the board SABUPURAIMURON, cause uncertainty in the global financial system, "foreign Bank appraisal well qualified "is not to say, it was revealed in a tight RISUKUTEIKUBABURU to overestimate the risk management approach based on statistics rather than foreign banks.
    • AZRvIAvwpXRAOsAoXRAOrWlX[iBLjsWJAoU\Asg\wEB Also, to speed up small business loans during the examination, and using a scoring statistics, business loans determined to complete the scoring in only the filing process (BL) has deployed a number of banks, fraud occurred in the documents were forged, is a growing problem that lead to the decline in the ability of a good judge of his own bank. ]@BI^MfZgBLAsiKoNBLAZgZfAAAZXRAOZeZ@A~j2007NAAOHUFJesVK~B The judge increased the amount of credit loans only quantitative evaluation of mechanical BL was to increase the non-performing loans as a result (BL of a series of mega-banks were introduced, to increase financing for SMEs There was also a reflection of the FSA would not, in fact, once the FSA had recommended loans to financial institutions each scoring, and is now taking hold) of 2007, Resona, Mitsubishi Tokyo UFJ has stopped a flurry of new lines of treatment.
  • v The profit margin
    • MAv8`9aA`IrWlXfviMv2005NA1%`0.4%OjAA ZZAkXAMAAJsA[MAXNZiHoB Most Japanese banks, the raw profit is 8-9 percent of the deposit and lending margins, the business models that rely on traditional business is low profit margins (net profit margin of Japanese banks in 2005, 1% to 0.4% very low compared to foreign banks), and in the flow of direct financing from the financial costs due to shrinking, banks, Bank of America to follow, such as mutual-fund business and consumer loans, risk have to find a way out of financial products and higher sales.
    • AA OZFsv~XA OHUFJtBiVEO[vARlAvZiTjoAO[vPAAv}B For this period, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corp. is the Promise, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group Inc. and to ACOM, the consumer finance industry and high-margin (SARA) invested in, and the affiliated group, the consolidated revenue padding tried. ANo@c_O[][PpA2007NAAZErWlXfX]VB However, the movement of interest rates lifted by a gray zone discuss amending the law in recent years, of 2007, pay too much money at the request return of many, the consumer finance industry has been forced to change business models.
    • AOvvi M&AAZijAZvA DzInpsAZipqAXNsvXB In addition, service revenue as a percentage of profits of foreign banks (M & A and financial product sales commission) but they focus on increasing the percentage, for pursuing short-term interests in and abuse of dominant bargaining position, mid-to high-handedly and business customers in rapid implications of different financial products, often at a disadvantage to subject someone to sayingRITSUKE or risk of loss. A2005NOZFs@lcAZAXbviwvA rA Z~B In 2005, corporate sales, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation in the year, loans for small businesses, forced to purchase the interest rate swap, the recommendation excluded from the Fair Trade Commission, the final part of the injunction order .
  • }[Pbgt]D Stagnation and reversal in the recent dominance of the international presence in the market
    • 10NAsCOPEkA{OUuRvu^vB Lost 10 years, down from the withdrawal of foreign banks in Japan have the advantage of a foreign country is poor "cock of the walk," "ignorant of the world" is like. NAKoNAAWASio}AZOgvCOR2OB In recent years, banks are trying to re-enter in the Asia region, the percentage of foreign earnings and lower segment is still around 2 percent. A HSBCBE`OnvA VeBO[vOnvA50%B For example, HSBC's rate of return of Hong Kong from outside the European region, the percentage of local revenue from outside the U.S. Citigroup has about 50 percent of both.
    • LA 10N{sA2007NATuvC_@AvAiIAsAsZ@Aj]\LZ@AA{sEIA|IDnB As mentioned above, but lost 10 banks in Japan are mockery and, in the year 2007, in the wake of the subprime, high profit margins so far, has been touted as the leading banks in Europe, Investment banks and other financial institutions in the international financial crisis has led to unprecedented collapse in the series, suddenly, it seems that the World Bank of Japan, now holds a position of superiority over. AJ10NAIABlB Status of the United States lost in 10 years is not far, it is a devastating situation, the same is true in Europe. As{vlZI]sO}}XR~_AZIB When I try it, the tone of the media to pander to foreign countries and it has been such a shortsighted and think that the essence of the banks profit margins, are forced to reflect on their short-term perspective.
  • [VVbv About Relationship
    • AslTCNlA2`3NB For example, the cycle of personnel changes as well as civil servants working for a bank, an average two to three years. ZTCNRA o i jhB This is why the short cycles, economic crime and embezzlement (including rent float) is to prevent. A ouiC~AZA\ssZCsBpB But since the collapse of bubble economy, finance and unreasonable, and may be used to cover to obscure the responsibility of the bad loans and loans for failure to fully assess .
    • kUQZ[i1jA|Yz[St|YSt[i2jAAB Mortgage victims in the earthquake impersonation ( 1), golf membership loans have gone bankrupt in the golf course and loan variable insurance that insurance companies went bankrupt ( 2) of the subject, the exclusion does not repay, and there is a problem .
      1 AJAZrsYSl[@IB 1 In America, the legal disclaimerKUNARE worth of loans to real estate as collateral in the housing defects. AAJZ[xASimR[X[g[Ah 2008N121tJ-CASTj[Xi}Y}l[-Z[jdgAsg[iXNB This is because the U.S. mortgage system, as NONRIKOSURON not appeal or collateral debt "without having to repay the loan, will have to return home and pay off" date January 21, 2008 J-CAST News (Tiger's money Edagawa Zirou - and mortgage debt is not) is necessary, to take the risk of price fluctuation of bank loan himself. AsYSliGXN[xpAAZ[[Q[Wu[JLB The escrow system is used as a guarantee that the quality of the collateral value of real estate and mortgage transactions are as securities by mortgage brokers and the securities. ATuvC[XN3]nU[hsAAJZ[xxB Therefore, the risk to SABUPURAIMURON three to lead the situation to pass on the moral hazard, the U.S. mortgage system has become obvious that the system is extremely questionable. [\wiA@xOAxIi\XNU}_KvB To the exclusion of a loan, as a precondition of the legal system, must be noted that the distribution of risk and promote the quality of the institutional management capacity. Ai\XNUAAnU[hZ@_AAJxB However, the dispersion quality and risk management capacity, ultimately, in terms of the international financial crisis triggered by the moral hazard, the American system is too large flaws. {AsYrAB In Japan's case, because the only way with the real estate securitization, the problem does not arise. A@IxiA_AkUir_EE\AA@571SCsxBAwAZ[A_XARAxsB_AM`AssWAx`BA{nU[hbgjB In addition, the legal system is no exemption (for example, a seller usually disable error and fraud in the contract also want to defect to the issue of false earthquake items, buyer is secured by the Civil Code Article 571MERU to pay for the cost of the concurrent claims of responsibility. But the agency installment purchase, mortgage cases, and another contract for the payment of advances and the sale is made, the defense against the seller of the buyer, or The question arises of whether the bank can refuse to pay claims. In conclusion precedent by violating the principle of faith and trust, unless it was proved that the relationship between buyer and seller and the banks that is inextricably linked, the payment obligations no immunity. Therefore, in Japan may not have the advantages of moral hazard).
      2 OqZ[lAouSsiAsCAen[iNB 2 have not made a mortgage as well as exclusion of the foregoing, the advance sales for the combined companies and banks in the bubble period, and put greater responsibility than the banks, in many parts of the actual have been raised by the case of loans disabled.
  • CSR CSR issues
    • A2006N3ZAeKoNouviAONx|vvAIjB The three reported in 2006, and profit over the period of the bubble economy and banks (although, because of the record of reversal of allowance for doubtful accounts of the previous year, the figures temporarily) gave. V2006N1126tAavAAT[rXiAB Asahi Shimbun, 2006, in an editorial dated November 26, how the return of profits to depositors, in particular, have not been corrected and the service fee, he said. A2006NOHUFJsOHUFJtBiVEO[vAsATMyRrjATMi C[lbg A [\ATM A Zus jUiUAATMUAOHUFJ_CNgiLljUAsOBATMOjB The 2006 Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Mitsubishi and UFJ Bank Financial Group, line their own ATM and convenience store ATM (INETTO and Lawson ATM, Bank of Seven) that the free part of the transfer fee (transfer window, ATM cash payment in a direct Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ (corresponding manned minutes) transfer, is not covered directly by other banks. ATM fees will take a long time outside the prescribed fee). AO[vOHUFJsL3^cRrjATMRrjp2007N3SIp~B The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ is the group's convenience stores operated by these three companies use ATM convenience fees were abolished in 2007 and completed in May. AN[AesaB And, by lifting the zero interest rate policy in the same year, the bank's savings rate has risen.
    • AZ@10NZJzTA2007N@l[tAZFMsB The major banks lost 10 to have been many carry-forward of losses incurred in the year 2007 the payment of taxes in the current year, only Sumitomo Trust.

[ W ] Os foreign banks

During the course of writing this section is MB This section is being written. MA B Touch, is seeking help to correctSARU.

[ W ] s Bank Securities separation

1929NZQ_@AAJOXEXeB[K@AsL~B Since the 1929 financial year the Great Depression in the U.S. law was enacted SUTIGARU glass, which prohibited banks from holding shares. AassAiYLAaB The banks issue currency deposits and assets held in stock price volatility, which is to undermine the stability of the currency deposits. A{AA~AXIsLI[uB However, in Japan, as a result of the postwar dismantling of the conglomerate will be prohibited from holding company stock, was taken in an unusual anomaly of the shares held by banks and convenience. EoALXNA ouiCAA\AsLsZLRlsocA[AhYB The continuing soaring economy, the risk of holding these stocks, but did not become apparent until the collapse of the bubble economy, in March, continuing a sharp fall in stock prices, and KONAKAof restricted shares held by banks Bank managers and of course the thought of holding shares or financial authorities, led to a serious situation, fall into suffering the direst distress. 10NA{EZEEAahrKvtAZvsJInB Lost in this way 10 years by, say Japan has lost its presence in global financial circles, BIS imposed by accounting and regulatory and market value, the position of extreme humiliation and defeat of the country in terms of finance and accountingNZURU it. ioTFuvsvicOFVjusvcvwvicOFojQj (Source: "Fair value accounting recession" (Hiroshi Tanaka: Shincho) "accounting of Wonderland" (Hiroshi Tanaka: Tax Accounting Association))

AAJSZHwfoeBuBAEZEAuvwIXNAIXNi\vAzA1999NZxv@AXNyKaB Meanwhile, the development of derivatives and financial engineering in the U.S., and financial world, "risk management and statistical analysis, which enabled significant advances in risk management," which led to a kind of illusion , 1999 and the enactment of the law, financial reform, deregulation drive in the direction of the risk of neglect. Am{AJA1990NhsZRd_AuZZ]vi ZrbOo jA ~L[{zoAE@sZeAO[o{`iJWm{`jB This is the United States lost to Japan in the postwar era in manufacturing, in 1990 every time the emphasis on IT and financial liberalization, "from a shift to direct financing and indirect financing," (the financial Big Bang), from the large Japanese trading of yen-carry Calls for funds that aim to make speculation in the financial supremacy in the world, so-called global capitalism (casino capitalism) was also part of the national strategy. AXNiA ubN}f[ A AWA@ A LTCMoA2007NTuvCIAAJSiIZVXeAmAAJsAAZAnszsj]ABsAAI@AEZQB However, the results of the risk of such products, Black Monday features, the Asian currency crisis, LTCM after the incident, and finally in 2007 revealed that the subprime and the financial system has been advanced and the United States, became clear that the foundation was built on very fragileKASHII, a major U.S. investment banks, insurance companies, housing corporations, with the collapse of huge bad loans are those major regional banks, Bank of the European chain led to the crisis in the world is mired in a financial crisis. A{sAouArIAInt]A{sIB Under these circumstances, the Bank of Japan's bubble economy in the reflection from a relatively small wound, now an international position has been largely reversed, relative to the growing influence of the Bank of Japan. ioT:uJWm{`\\ZQowviX[UEXgWFgXjAuO[o{`\@hvio[gMrFmoVjAuO[o{`\`IviavF_2008.2jAu2008NAAMpsviFpF_2008.2jAu_tDviqF2008.2.12GRm~XgjAuAJjYIEsvi[vA2008.12_jQj (Source: "casino capitalism - political economy of the international financial crisis" (Susan Strange: Iwanami Shoten), "global capitalism - or prosperity or crisis" (RobertEGIRUBIN: Toyo Keizai Inc.), "Global Capital end of the principles of democracy and reckless "(Kazuo Mizuno: Chuokoron 2008.2)," in 2008, linked to fears of credit "(Hideo Kumano: Chuokoron 2008.2)," a top priority when you read the current fiscal equilibrium theory SHIMOMURA it "(Iikura Minoru: 2008.2.12 economist)," a global recession and the end of Americanism "(I think Saheki Hiraki, Taichi Sakaiya Chuokoron 2008.12))

As{AuvgvuasvB Either way, the basics of banking, companies such as "increase profits" instead of "issue of a stable currency deposits." AJZVXeAXNMA{`AvgDAuasvuSYLvyALTuvCiAbcri NWbgEftHgEXbv jArhuiXgeWbNECxXggEr[NjXNIgB U.S. financial system, and to overestimate the risk management, the equity principle, give priority to expanding their own profit, "issue of currency deposits stable" to "assets held by the sound of" disregard the principle that , sub-prime products and its stake in the company, CDS (credit default swaps), SIV (Strategic Investment Vehicle) and expanded aggressively through a high-risk transactions such as corporate loopholes. uXN^[v|[gtHI_B This is "No return without risk," based on modern portfolio theory in investment securities. AowSsfA_Iu^[|XN[vuXNvvrWlXfsvAocB However, reflecting a perfectly competitive market model of economics that, in theory, "return - risk = zero" because competition will continue to "earn money by taking a risk" that the business model for profitable bank not achieved, management is not viable. AA_lA^[XNuXNeCNouvNAsj]B In fact, in the rat race, beyond the theoretical value, that would take more than a return to excessive risk "RISUKUTEIKUBABURU" the outbreak, which caused the collapse of a series of West Bank. AAKwXNyASWT|[gAuXNyv{{sAKvB In that sense, the future is to reduce the risk to the proper business leaders, to support the healthy development of trade, "reducing the risk of" return to its original role of commercial banks based on it is necessary. slAs{c_dvB When you think about the future bank, Bank of employment would be a discussion of what's important. ioTFuoouviFjAuAAJo\Mpouvi`[YEqEXF{oVjAu~{`EH[Xvi_JGFVjQj (Source: "All of that leads to the bubble economy" (Obata Isao: Kobunsha Publishing Co., Ltd.), "Why, if the U.S. economy is heading for collapse - a monster credit bubble" (Charles R Morris: Nihon Keizai Shimbun), "greedy Wall Street suicide of capitalism "(Hideki Kamiya: Recommended document))

[ W ] r Footnotes

  1. ^ uxA[hABgy j]@Z@vworWlXICxoBPA2008N327tzM ^ "Bear takeover turmoil, financial institutions in danger of bankruptcy or have spread to several European", Nikkei BP Nikkei Business Online, March 27, 2008 delivery date
[ wv ] Help

[ W ] A See also

[ W ] ON External links


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