RFID RFID

oT: t[STwEBLyfBAiWikipediajx Source: Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia (Wikipedia),

GICJ[h Non-contact IC card

RFID i R adio F requency ID entificationudgvjA ID^OA dEdgpigcm`mjMAZpSwB RFID (R adio F requency ID entification "radio identification" stands for), ID from tags embedded with the information, close-based and radio waves and electromagnetic field (number of frequency bands by a few cm ~ m) communications radio to exchange information by pointing to the general and technical. PHSM@pZpAIIC^OApbVu^CvIC^OwpB PHS is also using technology such as communication equipment, IC tags and generally, PASSHIBUTAIPU especially in the IC is often used to refer to only tag.

p^ORF^OAMOB RF tags used in this tag is called, to read that information from the outside by wireless. ]AdqfqH\ANA`bvIC iWHjB Previously, was riding the circuit board that consists of multiple electronic devices in recent years, the small single-chip IC (circuit integration) which can be achieved. IC^OATCYS}`bvB This is known as IC tags, also called the chip from sesame grain size.

GICJ[hARFIDlZppAL`RFIDB Non-contact IC and cards, RFID and similar technologies, broadly defined to include a kind of RFID. GICJ[hJ[h i Suica A ICOCA A PASMO A PiTaPajdq}l[ i Edy A iDjA ZLeBbNFpFXprB Non-contact IC card card bus (Suica, ICOCA, PASMO, and PiTaPa) Money electron and (Edy, iD, etc.), and color for authentication and security lock or employee ID card and have a purpose. {FelicaxzIB Japan is in the field of Felica is dominant.

`A^O[_MZpAZpA^OlXltAuA^Cc^pVXeSB In the narrow sense, the technology of wireless communication between tags and readers, as it is not only technology, the tags attached to people and things and to understand the overall system operation in real-time location and movement of these as told.

EIuWFNgA fW^zEF_AIlXgy^li prQjB Real-world objects, but that would be linked with the recognition and operation of the digital virtual world, socially it is believed that the ripple effects (see the applications that are expected).

[ W ] ^O Types of Tags

pbVu^Oi^OjANeBu^Oi\^Oj2B PASSHIBUTAGU (passive tags) and the active tag (active tag) of the two categories.

1. pbVu^O PASSHIBUTAGU
   • pbVu^OA^O[_dgGlM[RF^OA drKvB PASSHIBUTAGU and will operate as a source of radio energy from the RF tag reader tag, there is no need to built-in battery. ^OAei^O[_dgAIDgB The tag antenna is part of the radio waves reflected from the tag reader, ID information is returned to ride the wave reflection. gxAANeBu^OpbVu^OMrIZAAPvIAy{B Intensity of the reflected wave is very small, compared to the distance PASSHIBUTAGU receiving active tags will be relatively short, it can be cheaper, because most operate on a permanent basis, is the favorite of the proliferation of future . ^O[_ArIdgA^OgMEKvB The tag reader, the signal increases relative to supply, it is necessary to decode the received reflected wave from the very weak tag.
   • ICAeiAAM\Z`I[_[B IC is often embedded in the antenna itself, if the communication range is limited to a few centimeters in order. MLAICOAeitK{B To extend the distance communication, IC will be required to attach an external antenna.
   • RFIDApbVu^Oi10~jYoB RFID is expected to have, this PASSHIBUTAGU very cheap (10 or less) because there could have been produced.
2. ANeBu^O Active Tags
   • ANeBu^OAdr^OB Active tags, the tags with built-in battery. dgAMi10-100[gjB Emit radio waves, so their long-distance communication can (10-100 meters). ZT[AImA ZT[lbg[NprB A built-in sensors, we can notice a change in the voluntary, are expected to be applied as sensor networks.

Adg`BA2B The transmission of electromagnetic waves in the system, the following can be classified into two.

1. dU Electromagnetic induction system
   • ^ORC[_AeiRCAGlM[EM`BB Flux coupled to the antenna coil and the coil of the tag reader and method for transmitting an energy signal. dgAGlM[I`BAJiB Compared to the radio system can transmit the energy efficiently, to develop advanced. FelicaB This is the Felica system. dggA135kHzA13.56MHzApB The frequency of the electromagnetic wave, 135kHz, 13.56MHz, which used this method. pbVu^CvM\1mxB PASSHIBUTAIPU can communicate at distances of up to 1m is about even.
2. dg Radio system
   • ^OAei[_AeidgAGlM[EM`BB TORISHI antennas, electromagnetic wave through a tag reader and antenna system for transmitting an energy signal. dg`BAdUA^OM\B Transmit it to the electromagnetic radiation in space, compared to the electromagnetic induction system, will be able to communicate with tags from a distance. A^OGlM[ApbVu^Cv^OApB Is very weak because of the energy received, the tag of this tag PASSHIBUTAIPU was finally put to practical use recently. dggA900MHzA2.45GHzApB As the radiation frequency, 900MHz band, 2.45GHz, and has been adopted by this method. M\pbVu^Cv3-5mB PASSHIBUTAIPU communication range is 3-5m. ANeBu^CvAdgxL[gI[_[M\B The active type is able to communicate in order to allow even a few kilometers radio.

Aei`B_2{IA2AdggAeiB In terms of transmit antennas, the basic difference between the two, but this difference between the two is determined by the distance between the antenna and the wavelength of the radiation. gA`dg`BAZOAdEEEAei`B The longer the distance to the wavelength, is transmitted as electromagnetic waves propagate through the air, before being radiated to spaceZKERE, travel to other changes in the magnetic field of the antenna field.

[ W ] M Communication Systems

pbVu^Cv^OA^OHA^O[_dgAAdAICdgB PASSHIBUTAIPU tag that has a built-in circuit rectifying the internal tags from the rectification of the radio tag reader, back to the DC power supply as it, IC has the mechanism to work. A[_dgAvAuR}hbitB Normally, radio waves from the reader, the command following the preamble bit string, was modulated. LAB Unmodulated carrier followed by more after this. vAuAICKvGlM[~B Part of the preamble, IC stored energy is needed in the initial operation. R}hbitALAgB Command and interpret the demodulation of the bit string and returns the information to pick up the reflected waves in response to part of the unmodulated carrier.

R}hV[PXT Summary of the command sequence

[_^Of[^MA U A g A AgpB The modulation scheme for sending a data tag reader and the modulation amplitude, modulation frequency, modulation phase, modulation is used, or combinations thereof. pbVu^Cv^OAK[_MnA^OB PASSHIBUTAIPU tag, there must first be sent from the reader, the tag returns the information to respond to it. A^OIoB In other words, to get any information from the tags is not voluntary.

AANeBu^Cv^OAI\B The types of active tags, can give the information voluntarily. IM^CvAZT[M^CvA B Type information on a regular basis, but when type send the changes to the built-in sensors, among others. A[_R}h^CvB Of course, there is also a response in response to commands from the reader.

[ W ] gpdgg Radio frequency band used

135kHz 135kHz

135k Hz^OAjIgB 135K Hz tags are used for a long time in the most historic. EIKiAMAdUAM\\Z`[gOZAAeiZB Have been unified standards in the world, the small amount of information that can be communicated to the electromagnetic induction type, and shorten the number of about 10 cm distance for communication, there are disadvantages of the large antenna absolutely. dgAgeA ]iZHXprEXL[tgW[{prADB But the nature of radio waves, not enough water under the influence of low frequency, for purposes such as leisure facilities such as lift tickets for ski resorts and restaurants in applications for automatic adjustment of the belt sushi, and closer under water advantage is high. ACrCU[L[135kHzIC^OB Another key vehicle immobilizer 135kHz of the IC tag. IprAUHFA2.45GHz^O\zB For applications in dry environments and other general, however, UHF band, 2.45GHz and will be replaced by tags.

13.56MHz 13.56MHz

dUB This method of electromagnetic induction. IGICJ[hpgA13.56MHzIC^OXgALgB Non-contact IC for general spectrum are using the card, 13.56MHz IC tag of the present we are most familiar and widely used. CDArfIVbvh~pgARFA8.2MHzA13.56MHzpbVu^CvZpB CD, are among those commonly used for preventing theft and video shops, RF method is called and is close to the mainstream and bandwidth 8.2MHz band, 13.56MHz technology of the former PASSHIBUTAIPU . FelicaZp13.56MHzgB Felica is generated using a 13.56MHz technology. M\1mxB Communication range up to about 1m. ISMoh B ISM band.

433MHz 433MHz

CAReipgpB In the West are used to divert the international and maritime transport and the main container. dguANeBu^OvB Emit their own radio called "Active tags" is called a type. A{gA}`Agi430-440MHzAopyogALQMvjAgqB However, Japan is one of the radio frequency spectrum is the Amateur (430-440MHz, and an emergency calling frequency ringing more dedicated, primary service can handle requests for protection from harmful interference from work, etc.) and , the difficult adjustment to the allocation of frequencies. AANeBu^O433.67MHz`434.17MHz[1] B Currently, active tags are 433.67MHz ~ 434.17MHz is assigned [1]. A430MHzA}`Ag420`450MHz{3{gAM\B For Western, 430MHz amateur radio frequency band is 420 ~ 450MHz in Japan because of the width and three times the frequency, there are circumstances that are difficult to surface issues such as interference.

860-960MHz 860-960MHz

IC^OA900MHzA2.45GHzB Speaking of the recent IC tag, or the 900MHz band, 2.45GHz is attracting attention. UHFIC^OB So-called UHF band IC tag is. {gdbgARFIDgFdgA2006N1dg@RFIDp\B In Japan are used, such as cell phones and existing wireless business, RFID will be used in the radio band was not authorized, by 2006 a revised national radio Monday that RFID can be used. dgggiTCYAdgB For goods and personal belongings close to the size of the wavelength of radio waves, radio waves can be expected to include around. AQM\ApbVu^OgB Therefore, it is possible to communicate even when some obstacles in making the best frequency is PASSHIBUTAGU distance. yLB That is the front-runner in the spread of mass. M\2`3mxAxXgP[X5mxB Communication range is about 2 ~ 3m in the best case is expected to be about 5m.

2.45GHz 2.45GHz

dg}CNgB The electromagnetic wave is a wave band of microseconds. gZNA900MHzB Including the difficult going around for a short wavelength, 900MHz, compared to the distanceGENAI band. M\2`3mxB Communication range is about 2 ~ 3m. eAAei^AvAvP[VAyB But for the less susceptible to metal, from the smallest to the antenna, high-demand applications that will prevail. {RFIDgFdgAJRReipB RFID is a radio band in Japan that are authorized to use, and now JR Freight is used for location management in metal containers. ISMoh B ISM band.

[ W ] pr Applications are expected

RFIDZpgAl\B With RFID technology, are expected to be able to not thought of before. B The following is a part of it.

Distribution

TvC`F[E}lWg (SCM : Supply Chain Management) B Supply Chain Management (SCM: Supply Chain Management) is expected. HYiKi^O\tAz[giprB Paste the tags at the factory-produced products, the idea is to track the movement of goods in the root of the subsequent delivery. ARrjGXXgAR[1{AR[HY1{AAqzAY}B For example, a Coke at a convenience storeRETARA, the coke produced at the plant to add a book or have a lot to me to ship from our warehouse inventory, streamline production and maximize. A o[R[hVXeARFIDZpgIDAlo[R[h[_AB This is the situation, but the system is implemented by the bar code, RFID technology by using the ID reader is automatic, eliminating the need to manipulate the human bar code reader, expected to improve efficiency is. EH}[gRFIDpbB The stock is Wal-Mart in the U.S. was talking about the RFID system.

Management History

RF^O\AiAAHAoAAAHsxAL^i g[TreB jB RF tags can be written is in the process of distribution of goods, through the material where the processing is what, or where they were shipped, and history information, move, each of the processing, recording (trace ) can be achieved. AYnYELA BSEA uhi^mAprlB This, says the expiration date or the production and beef, for example, BSE and managing problems, and certainly from the determination of the disputed brand products, and applications are considered.

i Goods Management

}rfICu[AiAKvpB And library and video library, with a lot of goods are expected to be used in places where it needs to be managed. AAAiIF\B When, where, and who may be able to automatically recognize whether a move to wherever the goods. }oApVXeApB Lending library, and automated return system is in some other practical use.

Aze]zX^btAgql~nLjtH[AEiD\IC^ODtAsEEh~}gnB In addition, uniformed courier staff and hotel employees, the effect of uniforms can enter the premises of private homes without the risk of the room and to wear it, chemically resistant water-resistant possible by washing with excellent stitch IC tags, which have begun to use to prevent the illegal sale of stolen or lostRISUMASHI incorrect.

v[X Presence Management

lAv[XArWlXdvB The fact that I happen to be where the people now, saying the presence information that is important for future business. lRF^OgAcA{lAOoAAducB The RF tags at all times by phone, is now a conference room, his desk now, is out now, and the information to be able to quickly grasp the business associate.

ZT[lbg[N Sensor network

ZT[lXtAISoAf[^isi f[^}CjO A ReLXgAEFAlXQjB A sensor attached to various locations, to extract information from a comprehensive whole, being an attempt to obtain meaningful data (data mining, see also KONTEKISUTOAUEANESU). A^NV[Cp[ZT[WAss~JB For example, collect a lot of information from sensors and windshield wipers are running a taxi, get detailed information on rainfall in the city.

[ W ] o[R[h Differences between barcode

RF^OAo[R[hB RF tag is often spoken of in contrast with existing bar code. A_vB What is difficult to understand the difference between what appears to be summarized in the following.

L Read extensively

o[R[hAo[R[h[_uAl}IARF^OALARxAuB Bar code, bar code reader can read the position, you can not read KONAKERE have people intentionally, RF tags are read widely in scope, and direction to a large degree of freedom to read, to read in a general position available. lB Laborsaving be the work of this.

x^O Can read many tags at once

\~b`S~b^OB Tens of milliseconds to read one tag at a few hundred milliseconds. A^OWzuAZpijJARF^OdA\B Also, there is a dense arrangement of the tag, and identify technologies (collision avoidance), which have been developed, RF, even if somewhat overlapping, the tag can be read. lB Lead to the labor and working people.

\ Can be written

o[R[hXARF^O\B Bar code printing can not be changed because, RF tags can include writing. AVp@B And information by writing the history of the distribution process, which is expected to use new methods.

Readable even disappear

RF^OBuA^O\zRAD\B RF even invisible hidden position tags dust surface tags can be read even if the dirt and mud. Ao[R[hLprB This application will be broader than bar codes.

[ W ] y Issues of dissemination

Lpr{iA^O[_Ct\bAyAXB The full-scale applications such as those described above, the story is well-equipped infrastructure, tag readers, to spread that far, a number of problems to be overcome.

^Oi Price tag

prgpA^Oi}KvB For use in large distributed applications, it is necessary to keep the price tag. 10~boA^p1~]B 10 The often-cited story of the yen, the actual operation of a so-called less desirable.

^Ot Add tags

]o[R[hAPi^OtiPi^OtA Rei A pbg AP[XP^OtjB Like bar codes of the past, I have to add tags to every single item is not (instead of adding tags to every single item, container, pallet, but if you added the tag to the unit or case). [J[_t\[X^MOAOtCXgA^MOHKvB SOSUTAGINGU be added or when it is produced by manufacturers, must be in the process of adding their own INSUTOATAGINGU. RXgs{KRA@BJAy]B To reduce the cost of automation is inevitable and, for developing a machine, and are expected to spread.

f[^x[XVXeA Integration of database systems

RFIDVXeARF^OAY@_gpig[TreBjARF^OL^KvB Misleading the RFID systems, RF tag itself, such as pesticide use and production of vegetables, for example (trace information) that is saved and rarely, RF has been recorded in the tag The need to note that the only information that identifies the general population. OqA{QAXf[^x[X\zAQB As mentioned earlier, want to see information about the original, each corresponding to a database of identity information is obtained by this reference. _ALgpo[R[hVXeB In this regard, is the same as the bar code system is now widely used.

ARF^OpHig[TreBJAIDtf[^f[^x[XVXeAdvB Future, RF, and if information available to the public and traceability of food using the tags, the ID for the database system with a string pulling up data, become more important. ARFIDAf[^x[XtS[UAM_dvB In addition, RFID and information about the strings attached information from the user database is exactly the part that is invisible, it is also important in terms of how to ensure credibility.

AKf[^x[X\zApJvAiMABB At present, to build a large database, it takes enormous effort and cost, or how to create a high reliability at a lower price than that which is hidden issue that is not much attention .

vCoV[ Privacy protection

RF^OLfqe@\ijXAg[TreBLP[XAsglRkB Recently, the RF function and memory capacity that is mounted on the tag (such as reading and writing) is on the rise, in some cases to appear directly traceable information, when incorporated into the unauthorized disclosure of personal information to those lead.

• lgu Possible problems
  1. ^OtXAluhAfgAiwB Walking the streets in a dress with the tags, what's the person, using any material, whether itaround the price of any goods purchased.
  2. SuicaPASMORFIDJ[h|PbgARFID[_[lLmAlRFIDyOeB PASMO or Suica RFID and if you have or pocket and card, RFID can be obtained without the knowledge of the owner of the personal information have to close the reader, the RFID information available than before the widespread be easy.
  3. iAllsoHOmB If you have lost belongings to help determine the location, it is also known to third parties acting in their personal path toCHIKE individuals.
  4. }Ili^OtIT[`sA^OWtxf[^B If you do research with commercial tags to individual items or intentionally, they are less accurate data and put into things and not related to the tag maliciously.

IDL^RF^OpA1AIDiNf[^x[XRkNB RF ID record, even if you only use the tags, one is, ID and possible leakage of the database that is linked with product information. 2A3guNB The few problems that can occur without preconditions.

udq^OvCoV[KChCvi2004NjAu^OllACtA]`vwEA^p\B Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications "on the electronic tag privacy guidelines" (2004) and "If the tag that contains personal information such as the personal information of consumers unaware, and do not want to be read in it's "you have the attention of the public on the operation.

LKChC^OpA\AprIOAsKvL^A vCoV[B Tags in use as a guideline to the above, to the view that it is attached, remove it after the application, and no record is unnecessary, it is necessary to take measures to protect privacy. IAt^OAX[p[WZA@\A^Op\sdgB Specifically, the tag attached to the radish, and to pay the cashier at the supermarket, to eliminate functionality that consumers and provide a mechanism to see that you know to use the tag be.

dgel Considering the Effects of Radio

IC^OuZ@vA@lKB Wireless IC tag is "short-range wireless devices" are regarded as subject to regulations similar to wireless devices. dg@]AlhAA^Sy[X[Jpdq@eA EMC iElectro Magnetic CompatibilityF d jKiB Follow the law as well as radio, the protection of the human body, the impact of electronic medical devices, including implantable cardiac pacemaker, EMC (Electro Magnetic Compatibility: electromagnetic compatibility) standards and must be careful.

[ W ] A See also

• dV[h Electromagnetic shielding

[ W ] QlN Reference Links

• RFID G^FVXe Contactless RFID authentication system
• MicrosoftuRFID v Microsoft "RFID Primer"
• xmuqehcv xm"RFID Issues surrounding"
• RFIDeNmW RFID Technology
• Inaccuracy problems & RFID Inaccuracy problems & RFID
• udq^OvCoV[KChCv\ ij "Guidelines for the protection of privacy on electronic tags," published in (MIC)
• ERFIDsTCg RFIDinfo.jp The site of the world RFID market RFIDinfo.jp

[ W ] Cgv^[A Related Rewrite Printer

• {JebN Mechanical Technology Co., Ltd. Japan